Impact Of Green Architecture On Lebanon Environmental Sciences Essay

Since the Industrial Revolution, the universe has witnessed incalculable technological accomplishments, population growing, and matching additions in resource usage. As we enter a new century, we are acknowledging the â€Å" side effects † of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, planetary heating, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These attempts are striving the bounds of the Earth ‘s â€Å" transporting capacity † -its ability to supply the resources required to prolong life while retaining the capacity to renew and stay feasible. As the universe ‘s population continues to spread out, execution of resource-efficient steps in all countries of human activity is imperative. The reinforced environment is one clear illustration of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a important impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the universe ‘s fresh water backdowns, one-fourth of its wood crop, and two-fifths of its stuff and energy flows. Structures besides impact countries beyond their immediate location, impacting the water partings, air quality, and transit forms of communities. That acknowledgment is taking to alterations in the manner the edifice industry and edifice proprietors approach the design, building, and operation of constructions. With the leading of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the edifice industry is traveling toward a new value in its work: that of environmental public presentation. The industry ‘s turning sustainability moral principle is based on the rules of resource efficiency, wellness, and productiveness. Realization of these rules involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approach-one in which a edifice undertaking and its constituents are viewed on a full life-cycle footing. This â€Å" cradle-to-cradle † attack, known as â€Å" green † or â€Å" sustainable † edifice, considers a edifice ‘s entire economic and environmental impact and public presentation, from material extraction and merchandise industry to merchandise transit edifice design and building, operations and care, and edifice reuse or disposal. Ultimately, acceptance of sustainable edifice patterns will take to a displacement in the edifice industry, with sustainability exhaustively embedded in its pattern, merchandises, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. Understanding the particulars of sustainable edifice and finding effectual sustainable patterns can be confounding. Local authoritiess and private industry frequently do non hold the resources to execute the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable patterns, presuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green edifices, and the chance to use this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed undertaking related to such architecture. In a brief presentation, the parts of the thesis are:Part 1: Green ArchitectureThis subdivision over viewaˆÂ ¦Part 2: Lebanon and Green ArchitectureLebanon and Green Architecture outlines the relation between Green Architecture and LebanonaˆÂ ¦Part 3: Lebanese Green Building CouncilThis is a subdivision which gives a full thought about the Lebanese Green Building CouncilaˆÂ ¦Part 4: Similar Projects & A ; Area ‘s AnalysisThis subdivision containsaˆÂ ¦Part 5: Site AnalysissSite Analyses chapters provide elaborate information on the proposed siteaˆÂ ¦Part 6: LGBC HeadquarterA subdivision which contains a full conceptual plansaˆÂ ¦Part 1: Green Architecture / Green BuildingsDefinitionSustainable development is the challenge of run intoing turning human demands for natural resources, industrial merchandises, energy, nutrient, transit, shelter, and effectual waste direction while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource b ase indispensable for future life and development. This construct recognizes that run intoing long-run human demands will be impossible unless we besides conserve the Earth ‘s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. Sustainable development constructs, applied to the design, building, and operation of edifices, can heighten both the economic wellbeing and environmental wellness of communities around the universe. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects ( UIA/AIA ) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that edifices and the built environment drama a major function in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design rules are incorporated into edifice undertakings, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy edifices and stuffs, ecologically and socially sensitive land usage, transit efficiency, and strengthened local economic systems and communities. Embracing sustainability constructs, the ends aim to cut down energy, operation, and care costs ; cut down building-related unwellnesss ; increase the productiveness and comfort of edifice residents ; cut down waste and pollution ; and increase edifice and constituent lastingness and flexibleness. In the developed states, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green edifice patterns and are establishing policies, developing edifice guidelines, and fabrication merchandises and systems that will accomplish sustainable development ends.Green edifices historyHistorical BuildingsHarmonizing to David Gissen, conservator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London ‘s Crystal Palace and Milan ‘s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the construction on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and belowground air chilling Chamberss were used to modulate indoor air temperature. In the early 20th century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilised deep-set Windowss and the Carson Pirie Scott section shop in Chicago had retractable sunshades. Both of these techniques were effectual in commanding interior temperature while lessoning the edifices ‘ impact on the environment. From the 1930 ‘s through the 1960 ‘s, the forward believing chilling methods mentioned above gave manner to some new edifice engineerings that would alter inner-city edifice building dramatically. The innovation of air conditioning, brooding glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel edifices that litter the American metropolis today. These edifices were able to be heated and cooled with monolithic HVAC systems that consumed immense sums of cheap and readily available fossil fuels. The monolithic ingestion of energy required to populate these edifices made their viability tenable and wholly dependent upon energy handiness and cost.The InfancyAround the clip that the â€Å" glass box † manner high rise had become the icon of the American metropolis ( circa 1970 ) , a frontward believing group of designers, conservationists, and ecologists were inspired by the turning environmental motion and the higher fuel costs that were prevailing during the 1970s. The generation of these two scenarios finally resulted in the modern physique green motion. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some acceptance to this new edifice construct, but the OPEC oil trade stoppage of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental motion, and later the green physique attempt, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to oppugn the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy. As a consequence of the oil trade stoppage, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two cantonments. â€Å" One group looked toward inactive, such as brooding roofing stuffs and environmentally good posing of edifices, to accomplish energy nest eggs, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the usage of triple-glazed Windowss. † As energy concerns subsided, impulse for green edifice and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of designers continued to force their green edifice construct frontward. A twosome of noteworthy edifices constructed during the 1970ss which utilised constructs of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored Windowss ; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic ( solar cells ) , under-floor stone shop chilling systems, and country clime control devices. Through the late 1970ss, throughout the 1880ss, and into the early 1890ss, much research was commissioned on energy efficient procedures. This research resulted in more effectual solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, H2O renewals systems, modular building units, and direct use of visible radiation through Windowss in order to diminish day-time energy ingestion.Green OrganizationsGreen consequence on edifices & A ; metropolissEnergy EfficiencyApproximately 50 per centum of the energy usage in edifices is devoted to bring forthing an unreal indoor clime through warming, chilling, airing, and illuming. A typical edifice ‘s energy measure constitutes about 25 per centum of the edifice ‘s entire operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design utilizing available engineerings could cut warming and chilling energy ingestion by 60 per centum and illuming energy demands by at least 50 per centum in U.S. edifices.Water EfficiencyWater preservation an d efficiency plans have begun to take to significant lessenings in the usage of H2O within edifices. Water-efficient contraptions and fixtures, behavioural alterations, and alterations in irrigation methods can cut down ingestion by up to 30 per centum or more. As demand on H2O additions with urban growing, the economic impact of H2O preservation and efficiency will increase proportionally. Water efficiency non merely can take to significant H2O nest eggs, it besides can cut down the demand for enlargement of H2O intervention installations. Non-residential H2O clients account for a little per centum of the entire figure of H2O clients, but use about 35 per centum or more of the entire H2O.Waste DecreaseGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O and stuffs used during building. For illustration, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s waste comes from commercial edifices. During the building stage, one end should be to cut down the sum of stuff traveling to landfills. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste generated by the residents as good, by supplying on-site solutions such as compost bins to cut down affair traveling to landfills. To cut down the impact on Wellss or H2O intervention workss, several options exist. â€Å" Greywater † , effluent from beginnings such as dishwashing or rinsing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable intents, e.g. , to blush lavatories and wash autos. Rainwater aggregators are used for similar intents. Centralized effluent intervention systems can be dearly-won and utilize a batch of energy. An alternate to this procedure is change overing waste and effluent into fertiliser, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By roll uping human waste at the beginning and running it to a semi-centralized biogas works with other biological waste, liquid fertiliser can be produced. This construct was demonstrated by a colony in Lubeck Germany in the late ninetiess. Practices like these supply dirt with organic foods and make C sinks that remove C dioxide from the ambiance, countervailing nursery gas emanation. Producing unreal fertiliser is besides more dearly-won in energy than this procedure.Construction Cost ReductionApplication of green constructing constructs can give for nest eggs during the building procedure. Measures that are comparatively easy to implement can ensue in nest eggs to the contractor in the undermentioned countries: Lower energy costs, by supervising use, put ining energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and utilizing tenancy detectors to command lighting fixtures ; Lower H2O costs, by supervising ingestion and recycling storm H2O and/or building effluent where possible ; Lower site-clearing costs, by minimising site break and motion of Earth and installing of unreal systems ; Lower landfill dumping fees and associated trucking charges, through reuse and recycling of building and destruction dust ; Lower stuffs costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and stuffs ; Possible net incomes from gross revenues of reclaimable points removed during edifice destruction ; and Fewer employee wellness jobs ensuing from hapless indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible countries for cost nest eggs ; the undertaking squad can place other possibilities through a concerted and incorporate squad attack. The contractor can besides better dealingss with the community and edifice proprietor by sing them as portion of the squad attempt to implement environmentally sound building steps.Building Operation and MaintenanceThe green edifice steps discussed in this manual can take non merely to take down edifice operating disbursals through reduced public-service corporation and waste disposal costs, but besides to lower on-going edifice care costs, runing from wages to supplies. For illustration, in many edifices, care staff collects recycled stuffs on each floor – or even at every employee ‘s desk – and transport the stuffs down to the cellar for manus screening. Recycling chutes, a feasible green option, let direct discarding of stuffs from any floor in the edifice to the cellar. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial building or redevelopment, can screen stuffs automatically, salvaging labour costs by extinguishing the demand to roll up, conveyance, and kind recyclables. Other nest eggs come in the signifier of lower waste trucking fees ; reduced workers ‘ compensation insurance premiums due to take down claims for accidents from crisp glass and tins ; reduced lift care ; less frequent cleansing of spills on rugs and floors ; and less demand for pest control. Environmentally friendly housework merchandises can besides hold fiscal advantages. For illustration, cleaning merchandises that are purchased as dressed ores and utilize minimum packaging non merely advance waste decrease, but besides can cut down merchandise use by 30 to 60 per centum with dispensers that more accurately step and thin the cleansing merchandises for optimal effectivity. Building proprietors need to see the edifice director and staff as critical participants in environmentally sound and cost-efficient operations. Building directors, charged with the efficient operation and care of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all countries of operations and care over the life of a edifice. Once a edifice is operational, preparation of direction and care staff – including instruction on effectual green constructing steps such as constructing energy direction systems, new cleansing merchandises, and new edifice codifications and criterions – can assist them to keep the edifice in a resource-efficient and economically favourable mode.Insurance and LiabilityThe past decennaries ‘ conventional office design, building, and operational patterns have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, ensuing in new wellness concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The debut of a battalion of new contaminant pollution b eginnings into the workplace, combined with tighter edifice building, has intensified air-quality jobs. For illustration, hapless indoor air quality can ensue from such factors as defective air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, building stuffs that emit high degrees of volatile organic compounds, and hapless care patterns. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental hazards to public wellness. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices. Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) and Building Related Illness ( BRI ) have become more common in the workplace, increasing edifice proprietor and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost approximately $ 60 billion each twelvemonth in medical disbursals and lost worker productiveness in the United States. Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related jobs have increased. These actions against edifice interior decorators, proprietors, or employers may be initiated by residents who have short- or long-run jobs, runing from concerns and firing eyes to more serious complaints. Initial economic impact may come in the signifiers of higher wellness insurance premiums, increased workers ‘ compensation claims, and reduced productiveness. Expensive redress undertakings and environmental killings may follow, and edifice proprietors may seek to retrieve losingss from the original undertaking contractors and designers through judicial proceeding. By guaranting better indoor air quality, edifice proprietors, employers, and design professionals can take down their hazard of future judicial proceeding by constructing residents. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure criterions that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural houses are trying to rate edifice merchandises harmonizing to the degrees of volatile organic compounds they emit after installing, and to educate edifice proprietors and directors about healthier merchandise picks.Occupant Health and ProductivityThe intent of a edifice is non merely to supply shelter for its residents, but besides to supply an environment conducive to high public presentation of all intended resident activities. Recent surveies have shown that edifices with good overall environmental quality, including effectual airing, natural or proper degrees of ligh ting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productiveness by six to 16 per centum. An organisation ‘s most important fiscal committedness is normally to its employees. Many employers spend at least every bit much on salary-related outgos as they do on building an full company edifice. In many organisations, wages and associated benefits consume the bulk of the one-year operating budget. For illustration ; based on the sample computations in Figure 2, a typical employer could pass $ 233 per square pes yearly for an employee. Building building costs by and large fall below this degree, frequently by 50 per centum. In add-on, one-year employee salary-related outgos, utilizing the Numberss in Figure 2, are about 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity addition of six per centum equates to nest eggs to the employer of $ 14 per square pes – eight times the cost of the edifice ‘s one-year energy measure. Given this information, an employer can make up one's mind to maximise the public presentation and efficiency of forces resources through appraisal of, and betterment to, the indoor environmental quality of its edifice. The undermentioned history of a recent redevelopment undertaking illustrates this attack. Both edifice proprietors and edifice tenant/employers can profit in other ways by bettering indoor environmental quality. For proprietors, these betterments can ensue in higher belongings values, longer tenant tenancy and rental reclamations, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, extended equipment life, and good promotion. For renters, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, and community acknowledgment. If the edifice proprietor is besides the employer, an organisation can countervail initial building design and systems costs with the decrease of long-run organisational and operational disbursals over the edifice ‘s life rhythm.Constructing ValueGreen edifices ‘ high efficiency and public presentation can ensue in higher belongings values and potentially lower loaners ‘ recognition hazard. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient syste ms can take to higher constructing net income. In add-on to increasing a edifice ‘s cyberspace runing income or value, green edifice steps may let edifice proprietors to bear down higher rents or accomplish higher rates of edifice tenancy, if renters view green belongingss as more desirable. Presently, voluntary edifice evaluation plans are under development for commercial edifices in the United States. As these plans are introduced into the market place and derive the credence of edifice proprietors and renters, they could impact the value of belongingss. Prospective renters will be able to rate edifices based on such mensurable characteristics as natural daytime, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, H2O, and waste costs. If adequate edifices are rated for environmental public presentation, those that perform better will get down to recognize market advantages.Local Economic Development OpportunitiesPromotion and execution of green edifice patterns within a community can bring forth new economic development chances . These chances can take a assortment of signifiers, including new concern development to run into the demand for green merchandises and services ; resource-efficiency betterment plans that enable bing concerns to take down operating costs ; development of environmentally oriented concern territories ; and occupation preparation related to new green concerns and merchandises.Appliance & A ; Ways of usingAppliancesChoosing environmentally and economically balanced edifice stuffs. Buildings significantly alter the environment. Harmonizing to Worldwatch Institute1, constructing building consumes 40 per centum of the natural rock, crushed rock, and sand used globally each twelvemonth, and 25 per centum of the virgin wood. Buildings besides account for 40 per centum of the energy and 16 per centum of the H2O used yearly world-wide. In the United States, approximately every bit much building and destruction waste is produced as municipal refuse. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For illustration, natural stuffs extraction can take to resource depletion and biological diverseness losingss. Building stuffs industry and conveyance consumes energy, which generates emanations linked to planetary heating and acerb rain. Landfill jobs, such as leaching of heavy metals, may originate from waste coevals. All these activities can take to air and H2O pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may do increased morbidity and mortality. Choosing environmentally preferred edifice stuffs is one manner to better a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation. To be practical, nevertheless, environmental public presentation must be balanced against economic public presentation. Even the most environmentally witting constructing interior decorator or edifice stuffs maker will finally desire to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to place edifice stuffs that improve environmental public presentation with small or no addition in cost. The edifice community is doing determinations today that have environmental and economic effects. Its determinations are plagued by uncomplete and unsure informations every bit good as the deficiency of a standardised methodological analysis for measuring the information. The NIST/EPA squad seeks to back up these determinations by garnering environmental and economic public presentation informations and by structuring and computerising the decision-making procedure. The ensuing BEES tool will be publically available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of stuffs – certified from LEED – incorporating several green stuffs including: flooring, interior building, pigments & A ; movie, cloths, curtains, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, illuming, contraptions, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures.Education of green architectureSince 1993, UIA released the â€Å" Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future † proposing that the architectural profession should seek â€Å" to accomplish ecological sustainability within the limited clip that is likely to be available † . And it ‘s been 14 old ages after the release of UIA / UNESCO â€Å" Charter For Architectural Education † that registries among educational ends â€Å" an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environment † . Since so, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded classs on proficient facets of sustainability, like â€Å" Energy Conscious Design † , â€Å" Sustainable Architecture † , â€Å" Beyond Green † or â€Å" Bioclimatic Architecture † and others more. The integrating of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several studies. Most of them portion two decisions: – foremost, that non many schools have embraced the topic in a thorough mode, indicating at ‘the low degree at which sustainable design constructs have been incorporated into the regular course of study † and detecting that â€Å" environmental instruction in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc footing, aˆÂ ¦fragmented and deficient † ; – second, that sustainable design requires learning methods rather different than the long-established 1s. Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a fringy issue in the academic discourse at schools purportedly covering with the environment, possibly because crises are non an attractive topic in our ‘feel-good ‘ epoch. As a consequence, those who will hold to undertake the looming crisis in the close hereafter are non adequately prepared. Still, the demand to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in rule. A revealing illustration is a study among architectural pedagogues in more than 30 European states in 2001, where â€Å" about 90 % of the respondents are voting for a instead dramatic displacement from a presently instead low to a high consideration of ‘Sustainable Development ‘ in future architectural instruction † . Harmonizing to the study, â€Å" merely 19 % of those said that this construct is presently having a very/quite high degree of consideration, and 83 % said it should have a very/quite high degree of consideration in architectural instruction † , placing as an â€Å" facet of taking importance † the â€Å" integrating of sustainability-issues into all studio design † . In malice of such consensus, there is still a long route until sustainable design is steadfastly rooted in architectural acquisition. There are a figure of grounds for this, within and outside the academic margin:Academic obstructions_____________________In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are normally confined in elected categories, detached from design studios. This creates a ‘fringe ‘ repute for sustainability, eschewing its rules from the chief design undertakings to the fringe of architectural acquisition. As a consequence, no practical experience is gained in how to present sustainable qualities in the ‘core ‘ design docket.______________________In many instances the accent is on quantitative instead than qualitative affairs. As a consequence figure crunching eclipses design, and pupils tend to tie in sustainable concerns with numerical public presentation merely, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or social moralss . In that mode, sustainability-related classs are considered similar to those on proficient Fieldss like structural or mechanical design, but non ‘real ‘ architecture.______________________Sustainable design is a instead recent subject, non really familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most coachs have had limited or even nonexistent preparation in their yesteryear, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, â€Å" a deficiency of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural pedagogues † is no surprise. As a consequence, it is hard to present ‘obscure ‘ , ‘uninteresting ‘ or ‘useless ‘ new subjects to the course of study, particularly in position of the fact that sustainable design challenges the preponderantly artistic stance of architecture.___________________Sustainable design is a complex architectural attack, embracing diverse Fieldss of cognition and necessitating multi-discipli ne teamwork. Therefore its instruction can non suit with the conventional additive attack where different proficient accomplishments are segregated in different sections, with rare chances to convey them all together through joint undertakings in a holistic mode. Furthermore, â€Å" sustainable architecture is a complex topic that should be covered throughout the course of study † , non merely in sporadic undertakings.____________________Furthermore, design undertakings are often detached from earthly world as if they refer to a infinite station, barely interrelated with nature or society. Social moralss or environmental consciousness are non embedded in the docket, restricting preparation in simply proficient accomplishments with major focal point on the aesthetic. â€Å" An architectural pupil all of a sudden transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would experience right at place † ._____________________Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the spotlight of the media but, unusually, it is rarely included in the academic discourse. There is small systematic consciousness of the relationship of edifice and urban design with critical environmental issues like energy & A ; H2O deficits, air & A ; land pollution, urban heat island & A ; ecological footmark, or resources depletion. And surely such subjects are non included in undertaking Jockey shortss or ordinary pupil work._______________________Furthermore, there is deficient auxiliary input through proficient categories like constructing natural philosophies or environmental engineering that could back up sustainable design undertakings. When pupils do non understand the dynamic linkage between constructions, environmental conditions and users, it is non easy to distinguish, state, between â€Å" edifice in the landscape † and â€Å" edifice in interaction with the landscape † .Outside the schoolroomThe debut of sustainability in architecture schools encou nters farther troubles stemming from the outer side of the academic walls:____________________Sustainable design has yet to happen a clear individuality: – Is it a edifice technique, a blend of architecture and technology that can be applied on any architectural assortment merely like, say, fire safety or seismal proofing? – Is it merely one more architectural manner, possibly with excess consideration to the environment than the remainder, with its ain stylistic hallmarks like solar aggregators, conservatories, or green labels? – Beaver state is it a fresh design mentality, where nature & A ; society, today & A ; tomorrow are equal spouses in the design model?_____________________The sustainable design household includes fluctuations like ‘energy witting ‘ , ‘bioclimatic ‘ , ‘solar ‘ , ‘ecological ‘ , or ‘green ‘ , any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable mode. For case, an energy-saving strategy could use non-ecological stuffs ; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a immense ‘green ‘ sign of the zodiac with merely two residents is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full graduated table is a complex enterprise that requires a holistic watchfulness on a wide array of topics, proficient every bit much as societal: â€Å" Although there is much involvement and wonder about the topic, no 1 would state it ‘s easy to larn or use in pattern † .______ ________________The architectural ‘haut couture ‘ of our epoch markets themes instead far from sustainability. As a consequence prudence and ‘I?I µI„I?I?I? ‘ ( metron = Greek for step ) are ostracized from the chief architectural values. Given that architecture is ever learned by illustration, many pupils – and many adults excessively – ringer the glamourous paradigms of the expansive maitres, endeavoring for ocular originality and manner above all. The calendered architectural imperativeness barely advertises the non-sustainable characteristics of the expansive works because that would botch the ware. Therefore attending is frequently focused on 2D thoughts instead than 3D infinite or 4D affairs, and hollow feelings count more than the stuff and social facets of the built environment. As manner outshines matter and clip, sustainability is a looser.__________________Students are the last to fault for that ; given the prevailing aesthetic values, there are non excessively many sustainable illustrations exciting adequate to animate pupils. On the contrary, a frequent claim is that sustainable edifices are per se unattractive, as if all other types of architecture have merely good illustrations to demo.___________________Another repeated averment is that â€Å" environmental edifices cost more † . Here, the cost comparison footing is instead obscure, ignoring the differentiation between constructing – and running – cost, or the fact that â€Å" seeking to shoot sustainable standards subsequently, alternatively of earlier, in the design procedure is the cause of any added disbursal † . Even when the ‘extra cost ‘ is true, it is besides true that clients are frequently ready to pay more for cosmetic elements but non for, say, a more efficient boiler.The societal contextSustainable design is non an architectural exercising ; it refers to the built environment and therefore it can n on boom without societal indorsement. Architecture has ever been repeating the dominant social values and forces, so the inquiry is whether today there is room for alteration: â€Å" To transform this activity from a alone one of counter-cultural rebellion into one of mainstream pattern requires merely a critical mass of people who take it for granted as the footing for technical/cultural virtue † . There are some marks that allow optimism, but the overall societal tendencies look instead black for a sustainable design flowering:_________________In our epoch of â€Å" consumo ergo amount † , sustainable design sounds out of melody as euphoric consumerism inhibits motive for restraint. Clients demanding glistening energy-guzzlers are more influential than those inquiring for reasonable designs. Which school can develop its professionals for the hereafter while society looks the other manner?_____________________About a century ago, Modernist thought was attesting extrem ist proposals, integrating both proficient and societal issues along with a distinguishable aesthetic idiom. Today, as ‘internationalism ‘ has been replaced by ‘globalization ‘ and ‘citizens ‘ by ‘consumers ‘ , most merchandises in the post-Modernist supermarket have short expire day of the months. Many current architectural theoretical accounts rest between show concern and practical world, and there is a deficit of real-life proposals offering an inspiring mentality for a future society and its architectural linguistic communication. Sustainability does hold the necessary ingredients and principle to go the footing of such thoughts, but it is still missing a plausible broadcast -and an watchful audience.___________________The apathy for the hereafter and the animadversion of sustainable proposals can possibly be explained: Alarming tendencies are all excessively apparent as jobs are swept under the ‘panem et circenses ‘ r ug. The intensifying bad intelligence about the environmental jeopardies, triggered by human activities, lead to the denial of facts and the replacing of painful pragmatism by baseless optimism. Cipher likes Cassandras, and sustainable architecture is associated with their warnings.______________________The human impact on the environment is relative to population size, ingestion per capita, and resources or waste per ingestion unit ; therefore these three factors should be reduced if we are to accomplish a sustainable balance between nature and us. So far, we focus chiefly on the 3rd one -and that with fringy success. Decreasing the other two implies rough steps that cipher truly likes to confront. Again, sustainable propositions are straitening arrows to a acrimonious mentality.Antagonizing lassitudeSo, even if architecture schools manage to short-circuit their obstructions and embed sustainability steadfastly in the course of study, and even if sustainable design overcomes its ai n failings, there is still the critical checkpoint of societal credence. ‘Green ‘ designers need ‘green ‘ clients, otherwise their accomplishments are useless. Peoples brainwashed to devour more can non appreciate an architecture that requires less and wastes less albeit offering more. Equally long as show concern is a powerful political tool used to beef up today ‘s position quo, it will be hard for sustainable design to be more effectual in its existent consequences than, state, ‘Live Aid ‘ or ‘Make Poverty History ‘ runs. It is true that people do alter their position about the necessity of sustainability, although it is unsure to what extent they are ready to accept the effects and modify their manner of life consequently. But the gait of that alteration might be excessively slow compared with that of the environmental crisis, and cipher knows whether the dislocation will come easy like a long unwellness, or all of a sudden like a shot, without adequate clip to respond swimmingly. Therefore it is non plenty merely to present sustainable design classs at universities, or to heighten the public presentation of sustainable edifices. Alongside those pressing demands, it is every bit imperative to edify the populace about the virtues of sustainability and the hazards of ‘architecture as usual ‘ . Architects are the 1s who shape up the phase of our corporate and private lives ; hence they have the responsibility to make that with societal duty every bit much as regard to our cherished biotope -planet Earth.DecisionSustainability is a turning necessity that has to impact a broad scope of our societal precedences and aims, get downing with the credence of facts and, following, by recognizing that it is chiefly a socio-political instead than a proficient subject necessitating an earnest alteration of mentality. In that regard, sustainable architecture is non one more manner, a technique to salvage money, or a manner to decrease our ecological compunction. It is no less than an desperately needed response to semisynthetic environ-mental menaces. So far it has been hard to modify the architectural course of study efficaciously due to academic inactiveness, but schools have to admit forthcoming worlds in order to set learning topics and methods, and to transfuse sustainable spirit in the design attitude of future designers. This is a difficult undertaking as the mercenary dependence supports turning in our society, but is at that place another manner? Or we honestly believe that after a coevals we will still be constructing like today?Green UndertakingsA sustainable edifice, or green edifice is an result of a design doctrine which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource usage – energy, H2O, and stuffs – while cut downing constructing impacts on human wellness and the environment during the edifice ‘s lifecycle, through better posing, design, building, operation, care, and remotion.The Future of Green BuildingsTo many in the edifice industry, investing in green edifice patterns may be a spring of religion. Further research and successful illustrations of sustainable edifice will progress this developing engineering and supply direct cogent evidence of its economic and health-related benefits, promoting its greater acceptance. More research is needed in life-cycle cost analysi s over the full spectrum of edifice fiction, ownership, operation, and reuse/disposal. As the information become more widespread and the impacts – including external costs associated with pollution, waste, and environmental-resource ingestion – of conventional patterns become better known, green edifice patterns will go more widespread. The green edifice motion has started to derive impulse. Each twelvemonth yields extra presentation undertakings ; tonss of new efficient and healthy engineerings ; and expanded research, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. This includes evaluation systems to measure a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation, enfranchisement plans for green edifice merchandises, and the acceptance of green edifice criterions and patterns by recognized standard-setting organisations. The handiness of progressively sophisticated computing machine package plans besides fosters the growing of green edifice patterns by doing it easier to place and measure options for a edifice undertaking. Other new tendencies and emerging constructs impacting the edifice industry include performance-based contracts, remanufacturing and merchandise leasing, teleworking and â€Å" practical offices, † and attempts to extenuate natural-disaster losingss through improved edifice patterns.Green Buildin gs in LebanonCharles Hostler Student Center by VJAATwo Residential Undertakings by Arch. Atef TabetAAtef Tabet & A ; Associates Beirut-Lebanon merely completed the design and building of two separate big houses, 950 sq. metres each. Both houses are built on big sites around 12,000 sq. metre located in rural cragged countries one in Mount Lebanon, and the other to the South of Lebanon next to Mount Haramoun. 1stHouse at Remine Design Methodology: The landscape and the architecture are intertwined intentionally as a cohesive, none dissociable entity, intermixing the interior of the house with its immediate out-of-doorss and the natural milieus. A regional and a sustainable architecture design attack with program layout to suit the client ‘s modern-day life manner. The combination of unsmooth / saw cut rock cladding â€Å" Eclate † , The slanted ruddy roof tiles, Zinc Ti curved signifiers combination stand foring a slang of a Mediterranean small town. The insulated exterior dual walls, clay/wood lofts, deep recessed dual glazed cedar wood Windowss and wooden treillages utilized in order to shadow and anneal the house interior environment, and prolong it comfortably with a dateless design signifier friendly to its immediate vicinity. 2ndHouse at Jawzat The Interior Architecture i.e. material choice, coatings, and colour spectrum or palettes, every bit good as the furniture pieces that has been designed by the office and produced locally, were carefully applied and placed in order to implement the countryside Mediterranean ambiance. The construct for both houses is to hold a sustainable timeless manner, harmonious with the natural milieus and its immediate environment.Lebanese Green OrganizationsMAJALMAJAL is an Academic Urban Observatory, advancing sustainable be aftering schemes in Lebanon. Part of Urban Planning Institute of ALBA – Academie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Balamand University, MAJAL was established in the aftermath of the extremely destructive July 2006 war, in order to supply a scientific monitoring of the Reconstruction procedure direction. Since so, it expanded its mission and is carry oning undertakings related to urban planning and sustainability in general. We have achieved 3 studies on Reconstruction and carried out many expertness missions for municipalities and assorted local and international organisations.Mission: AMAJAL ‘s work today consists in three types of activities: Monitoring set of indexs on building procedure and sustainable planning Technical support to determination shapers in the signifier of adept missions, confer withing services, preparation, or other specific undertakings in urban planning and development undertakings. Advocacy, lobbying and consciousness elevation in the Fieldss of good administration, and sustainable planning.Lebanese Green Building CouncilThe Lebanon Green Building Council ( LGBC ) is an NGO that provides stewardship towards a sustainable built environment. It promotes, spreads and helps implement high public presentation building constructs that are environmentally responsible, healthy and profitable. LGBC acts on market, educational, and legislative issues to accomplish its ends. The LGBC is officially accredited as an â€Å" Emerging council † with the World Green Building Council. The LGBC aims to go a prima non-profit organisation working to advance the sustainable edifice industry of an international degree.AIts members will strongly recommend sustainable edifices in the purpose of planing a built environment that allows future coevalss to profit from the natural resources that will be available to them. The purpose of the organisation is to supply a Lebanese enfranchisement system for edifices that adopt environmental parametric quantities and to transform the manner edifices and communities are designed into a comfortable environment that improves the quality of life.Mission: AThe LGBC shall endeavour: Identifying and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the design, planning, building and use of both new edifices and major redevelopment of bing edifices that achieve the end of sustainability. Populating infinites shall be created in an environmentally-friendly, resource-saving and economic manner that enhances the wellness and comfort of their users. Attesting the edifices that achieve the fixed evaluation degrees and run into the demands of a sustainable built environment. Identifying, inventing and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the planning, design, building, redevelopment, use, care and public presentation appraisal of edifices that aim to accomplish the end of sustainability as per the enfranchisement system set by the LGBC. Developing & A ; advancing industry criterions, educational plans and design patterns, aiming professionals related to environmentally responsible edifices, persons and squads, and at all stages. Conducting research and educational activities and prosecuting in buttonholing attempts to advance green edifice patterns and statute law. Inventing and advancing tips and suggestions for sustainable life styles that enhance the proper usage, and continuing the unity of green edifices and detering â€Å" green lavation † .

Communication & professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay

Being able to build positive relationships with others helps children and young people to gain the most from being in school and is important to ensure the communication of information between children and the adults responsible for them. We are more likely to build a positive relationship with someone when we can communicate effectively with them. Effective communication is a way of setting boundaries so everyone knows what is expected of them. Most disagreements and conflicts are caused by a breakdown in communication. Children learn how to build relationships with others by watching and copying the relationships between the adults around them. It is, therefore, important to show effective communication skills when dealing with others and take care with what we say and the way we act when in stressful situations. Children can become confused if we ask them to behave one way and then show them contradictory behaviour which can make it harder for them to understand rules and boundaries. 1. 2 It is important to communicate in a way that relates to the age and interests of the child, young person or adult. If others are comfortable with us we are more likely to communicate effectively. The main principles of relationship building are: Showing respect – it is important to listen carefully to others’ point of view and show you are paying attention to them when they are speaking Being considerate – consider circumstances which may cause stress or upset and affect behaviour at any given time Taking time to listen – show interest in what is being said and respond appropriately, offering advice if requested Being clear – make sure any information or instructions are clear and understood, and made in a way suitable for age / ability / circumstances 1. 3 It can be necessary to adapt your communication style depending on the situation. Professionally a more formal style may be required for meetings with colleagues and parents or other adults involved with the school. Cultural differences can also affect communication. Certain behaviours such as eye contact or physical contact, e. g. shaking hands, can be forbidden. Certain gestures or body language may be offensive in some cultures and it is important to be aware of these issues when communicating with people from these cultures. 2. 1 If children do not feel their contribution to a conversation is valued they are less likely to initiate further communication. To help them have this confidence you need to: Give them opportunity to speak and express their own opinions Make eye contact and show you are actively listening and paying attention. If you are looking away or doing something else at the same time children will feel you are not interested in what they are saying Make sure you are approachable. This can best be done by getting down to the child’s level, if they need to look up to speak to you they are more likely to feel uncomfortable. Smiling and reacting positively to what they are saying also helps improve their confidence in you and in their communication skills Maintain the conversation by reacting and questioning. This teaches children the ‘rules’ of communication and helps them to develop an understanding of how to communicate effectively 2. 2a Children of different ages will need different levels of attention and encouragement with communication. Younger children may lack confidence and need more reassurance, both vocal and physical, to be sure of their ability to communicate one to one or in group situations. It is important to match your language to the age of the child you are communicating with. If the words used are too difficult or unknown to the child they will have difficulty understanding and participating in the conversation. Too simplistic, in either words or delivery, and the child / young person may feel patronised and annoyed by your attempts to communicate and is much less likely to respond positively. 2. 2b Different situations will require different styles of communication. When supporting children in a classroom situation it is important to keep them focused on the lesson. Communication needs to be firm and clear so everyone is sure of what is happening and what is expected of them. In a less formal situation such as the playground it is better to be more relaxed with the children. This can help to build their confidence in their own communication skills but it is, however, still important to maintain a clearly professional relationship with them. 2. 2c Children with communication difficulties, such as speech, language or communication impairment, emotional or cognitive difficulties will need more time and reassurance to ensure they do not feel pressured when speaking. It is important to allow them to speak for themselves in order to build their confidence as well as their ability to communicate clearly. Where there are language or cultural differences it may be necessary to allow extra time for longer explanations of questions / instructions. Visual cues can be helpful and in some cases it may be necessary to use a translator. 2. 3 When communicating with children the main points discussed above, maintaining eye contact, responding to what they say etc. , are the same as when communicating with adults. However, it is also important to ensure the relationship is always formal and the child understands you are their carer in the school setting. When communicating with children it is also important to be very clear in what is said and what is meant. Children need to know exactly what is expected of them so they can continue to learn from us. The vocabulary used needs to be appropriate for the children involved. Although younger children may want hugs or to hold hands it is not really appropriate and physical contact with children of any age should never be initiated by the adult. 2. 4 When communicating with other adults you need to be aware of individual needs which may make effective communication difficult. Adults with physical impairments such as hearing difficulties may need you to speak more slowly and clearly to accommodate lip reading. It may be necessary to pass on messages orally to parents who have difficulty reading written letters. When communicating face to face you should try to adapt the language you use to reflect the language used by the other person. Formal meetings will need more formal language than an informal chat. 2. 5 Most disagreements are caused by lack of communication or miscommunication with others. The longer a disagreement goes on the harder it will be to resolve, so you should try to work out the problem as quickly as possible. Where a problem has occurred due to a lack of communication the best way to deal with it is to discuss it with the person involved as soon as possible to try to work out a way forward. It is important not to ignore the problem as this can cause more problems in the future. Another common cause of disagreements is a difference in opinion and expectations. It is important to be clear about what you expect from a situation from the start so there is no confusion. If parents have a different opinion from school in a situation it is important to explain clearly what happens in school and why it has to happen that way. Lack of confidence or pressure from outside situations can also affect the way people communicate which in turn can lead to disagreements. In this situation you need to show sensitivity and understanding in order to resolve the problem and prevent it from escalating. It is never acceptable to get into a disagreement with a child; you should be able to manage the situation using the school’s procedures for negative behaviour. You need to explain to the child why you are disagreeing with them and once you have done this you need to follow the sanctions that are in place within the classroom and school as a whole. By descending into an argument with a child you are giving them a negative model to follow instead of teaching them how to resolve disagreements in a socially acceptable manner. 3. 1 Data Protection Act 1998 – any organisation which holds information on individuals needs to be registered with the Data Protection Commission. Information held must be: Processed fairly and lawfully Only used for the purpose for which it was gathered Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate and kept up to date where necessary Kept for no longer than necessary Processed in line with the individual’s rights Kept secure Not transferred outside the European Union without adequate protection 2003 Green Paper Every Child Matters leading to the Children’s Act 2004 – this was put into place to stress the importance of more integrated services and better sharing of information between professionals dealing with children & young people. 3. 2 When building relationships with children, young people and adults it is important to reassure them that any information they may give you will be kept confidential. This will give them the confidence to know they can speak to you if there is a problem. Knowing you will not pass information on unless you have to will build trust between you and the child / adult. Breaking this trust would be detrimental to the relationship which can lead to a reluctance to share important information. 3. 3 If you are given information which leads you to suspect a child may be at risk of abuse or in some other danger it is important to pass the information on to the appropriate person within the school. You should make it clear to the person giving you the information that you are unable to keep it confidential but also that you will only pass it on to certain people and it will not be a subject of gossip within the school.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 22. The Hunt

We were weaving in and out of traffic as James followed us. We were driving north towards Vancouver. Each second that I spent away from Bella I could feel my body's fresh tear ache. Half of me was with her, without her I could never be whole. We drove until we were only thirty miles away from Vancouver before I heard a distant ringing. It was just a faint echoing sound. It's about time, she better have good news for me about the human. About the human? It was definitely James' thoughts I heard as he continued to stay out of our vision, keen to not be spotted. â€Å"Carlisle, slow down,† I ordered while looking wildly around. Carlisle released his foot from the gas and the Jeep slowly drifted down to sixty as he looked sideways at me. â€Å"What is it?† Carlisle asked, anxious. â€Å"James has just received a phone call,† I explained. â€Å"Where did they take her?† James was wildly enthusiastic at the prospect of finding her when I was nowhere near her. I was too far away from him to hear the other end of the conversation so I settled with listening through James' mind. â€Å"I don't know. They mixed the smell up and she was not in the truck. It was two female vampires and they drove west until we were several miles away from Forks. She must still be there. They tricked us,† I heard Victoria say. Idiotic woman! James roared in his head. â€Å"Find her!† he commanded and hung up the phone. James ran the opposite direction of the road, flying feverously away from the Jeep until I couldn't hear his thoughts anymore. â€Å"Stop!† I yelled. Carlisle slammed on the brakes as the Jeep slid to a halt on the side of the highway. â€Å"What is it?† Emmett and Carlisle asked at the same time. â€Å"He knows that Bella isn't in the truck. He has a cell phone. He's sent Victoria back to Forks because he believes she is still there.† I didn't expect the nomad to have something as technologically advanced as a cell phone considering how they live. But I remembered something that Laurent had said, â€Å"He's every bit as comfortable in the human world as you seem to be, and he won't come at you head on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Emmett and Carlisle both understood instantly that Victoria had realized Bella was not in the truck. â€Å"I'll call Esme,† Carlisle said while picking up his cell phone and dialing her number quickly. I heard Esme's voice on the other line. â€Å"Carlisle,† she began but he cut her off to explain what happened. â€Å"She knows that Bella isn't with you and suspects that she is still in Forks. Go back and watch Charlie, make sure he's safe. Send Rosalie to find Victoria and follow her. We need to make sure that she isn't able to track Bella. We'll chase after James,† Carlisle's lips were blurred at the fast motion of his speech. â€Å"I'll tell her. Carlisle, I love you, be careful,† Esme said affectionately. â€Å"I love you, too and I will.† Carlisle hung up the phone. Let me go after him, please Edward. Emmett was begging in his mind. I turned around to face him. â€Å"We'll both go.† I turned to Carlisle. â€Å"Continue north until you reach the airport. Keep an eye out for him there ?C if we lose track of him I want to make sure we know where he is headed. We will keep you up to date.† He nodded. Emmett and I dashed from the Jeep and headed towards the forest where I last heard James' thoughts. When we caught up with his scent I could hear his faint hasty footsteps but he was too far away for me to hear his mind. The sun was peeking through the canopy of trees as the night sky began to slowly lighten the forest floor, bathing it in a pleasant golden glow. Can you hear his thoughts? What are his plans? Emmett asked. â€Å"No. He is too far away from us.† I spoke quickly. Go ahead of me and see what you can find out. Hey ?C don't get too close without me, Emmett chuckled. I want a piece of him too. I rolled my eyes and darted faster than ever towards the one creature who threatened Bella's life more than I already had. I had trouble catching up to him but I was able to finally hear one thought. She's still in Forks. I slowed some to let Emmett catch up with me. â€Å"I think he's going to head back to Forks†¦but I don't understand – he isn't running that direction. He keeps running north and not in a straight path. I think he's trying to get us off his trail.† I explained to Emmett. Maybe we could split up and try to trap him, he suggested. â€Å"That might be what he wants. Let's just keep together for now.† You're just afraid I'll catch up to him before you and will miss the opportunity to kill him, Emmett was plainly trying not to laugh. I sighed loudly at his thoughts, though he was partially correct ?C I did want to personally rip him to shreds. I could see the dim city lights of Vancouver begin to get closer to us. As the sun rose the windows on the large buildings began to shimmer and reflect onto the large city. I hadn't heard any thoughts or any noise from James for several miles. I only continued to follow his scent. When we reached the forest edge we stood in the shadows looking out at the partially sunny grounds. Emmett's eyes glowed a honey color in the dazzling sunlight. It's too sunny. Emmett looked up like he was willing the clouds to form. As soon as he thought the words a long cloud loomed into view, moving closer to the sun until a shadow hung over us and the city below turned grey and dark. â€Å"Let's go,† I commanded with a bite of impatience in my voice. We continued to follow his scent as we made our way across town until it ended abruptly at a car rental store. â€Å"Crap,† we both said together. I grabbed my cell phone out of my pocket and dialed Carlisle's number. â€Å"Edward,† he answered. â€Å"Carlisle, James has rented a car and I need to get something out of my bag to try and find out where he went. We are at sixteen ninety-six west, first Avenue. Hurry!† I said quickly. â€Å"I'm on my way,† he hung up the phone. In a few short minutes Carlisle was speeding around the corner and came to a shuddering halt in front of us. I opened the back door and pulled my bag out, opening it to reveal my many ID's. Inside I had a Royal Canadian Mounted Police badge that our family previously used to protect ourselves. I snatched it up and swept over the threshold of the car rental store. The girl behind the desk was startled at my appearance. â€Å"Can I help you?† she stuttered while scrutinizing my face. I flashed my badge. â€Å"Yes. I'm with the RCMP. Ma'am, there was a man in here today that is ye tall,† I put my hand to James' height, â€Å"and has long light brown hair. He would have rented a car from you today. I need to know the make and model and where he was headed. He is a murderer and we have only recently caught on to his trail.† A murderer! â€Å"Yes, sure†¦there was only one man in here this morning to rent a car. Let me print out the information.† She began typing on the keyboard and clicking her mouse. I could have been killed, she thought frantically as she searched for the information I requested. Her mind began to panic as she read the information on the screen. She looked away before I was able to read it. She turned her face to mine, her eyes wide with terror. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she hesitated nervously. â€Å"The car has already been returned to another branch.† â€Å"Where?† I asked with an inarticulate yell of rage. â€Å"The airport,† she said in a high pitched whisper. Panic erupted through my stomach as I realized I had no idea where he was going. My only conclusion is that he was going back to Forks, but I wasn't positive. I clenched my fists and ran out towards the Jeep and without saying a word Carlisle he was speeding quickly south towards Washington. â€Å"We need to know if he shows up in Forks,† I said hastily. Carlisle was dialing Esme's number before I was able to speak anymore. I heard Esme answer the phone. â€Å"Hello.† â€Å"Esme, what has Victoria been doing?† Carlisle asked politely yet hurriedly. â€Å"Rosalie followed her to Charlie's house. Don't worry, he wasn't home. I am not sure what she was looking for there†¦maybe to find a lead on where Bella might be. Rosalie said that she has been following Bella's scent all through town and even stopped by the school before anyone was there.† Esme spoke quickly. â€Å"James' got away from us. We think that he got on a plane to go back to Forks. Please be careful. We'll be there shortly.† Carlisle said gravely. I heard Esme gasp over the phone. â€Å"Victoria also went to the airport,† she whispered. Carlisle pressed the accelerator down harder and the Jeep groaned as we were hitting one forty. â€Å"Be careful. We're on our way back.† Panic was present in Carlisle's thoughts. Please let us get back there before he does, he thought. They said their goodbyes. As soon as Carlisle hung up the phone he was instantly dialing another number ?C Alice. â€Å"Carlisle,† Alice trilled. â€Å"Are you in Phoenix and is Bella safe?† asked Carlisle. â€Å"Yes,† replied Alice. â€Å"We lost track of James. We believe he is headed towards Forks. Victoria has been searching for leads and clues hoping to find a way to Bella.† Carlisle spoke calmly. â€Å"I just saw him in a room. It's long, and there are mirrors everywhere. The floor is wooden. There is a gold stripe across the mirrors. It's still very cloudy ?C he hasn't made a decision yet. He'll be in this room today or maybe tomorrow. I've also seen him watching something from a VCR in another place but it is too dark to see. He brings the video he watched back to the room with the mirrors but he doesn't watch it like he does in the dark room. The room with the mirrors is the room where he waits. Whatever made him get on that plane†¦it was leading him to those rooms,† Alice explained to Carlisle. â€Å"Let me speak to Bella,† I held my hand out for the phone. â€Å"Is Bella awake? Edward would like to speak to her,† Carlisle asked. â€Å"Yes,† Alice said while Carlisle handed the phone to me. â€Å"Hello?† My heart rejoiced at hearing her voice. â€Å"Bella,† I said devotedly. â€Å"Oh, Edward! I was so worried,† she squeaked. Why was she worried about me? She should be worried about herself. â€Å"Bella,† I sighed in frustration. â€Å"I told you not to worry about anything but yourself.† â€Å"Where are you?† She demanded. â€Å"We're outside of Vancouver. Bella, I'm sorry ?C we lost him. He seems suspicious of us ?C he's careful to stay just far enough away that I can't hear what he's thinking. But he's gone now ?C it looks like he got on a plane. We think he's heading back to Forks to start over.† I felt like a fool for falling for his car rental trick. â€Å"I know. Alice saw that he got away.† â€Å"You don't have to worry, though. He won't find anything to lead him to you. You just have to stay there and wait till we find him again,† my voice hinted at my disapproval for her doing anything else. â€Å"I'll be fine. Is Esme with Charlie?† she asked, concerned. She was always so selfless, worried about everyone else but herself. I tried to calm her frenzied nerves. â€Å"Yes ?C the female has been in town. She went to the house, but while Charlie was at work. She hasn't gone near him so don't be afraid. He's safe with Esme and Rosalie watching.† â€Å"What is she doing?† she whispered. â€Å"Probably trying to pick up the trail. She's been all through the town during the night. Rosalie traced her through the airport, all the roads around town, the school†¦she's digging, Bella, but there's nothing to find.† I hope, I added internally. â€Å"And you're sure Charlie's safe?† I suppressed a sigh to her ever selflessness. â€Å"Yes, Esme won't let him out of her sight. And we'll be there soon. If the tracker gets anywhere near Forks, we'll have him.† And I pictured tearing him to shreds and burning him, hoping that this beating would come sooner than later so I could have Bella in my arms again. â€Å"I miss you,† she barely whispered. My heart ached every second we were apart from each other. My body still felt torn in two. â€Å"I know, Bella. Believe me, I know. It's like you've taken half my self away with you.† â€Å"Come and get it, then,† she coaxed me. It was very tempting, but I had to take care of James first. â€Å"Soon, as soon as I possibly can. I will make you safe first.† I said fiercely. â€Å"I love you,† she croaked. I had continually put her life in danger since the moment I met her and she still loved me. Despite the situation we were currently in my heart leapt at her words. â€Å"Could you believe that, despite everything I've put you through, I love you, too?† â€Å"Yes, I can, actually,† she said matter-of-factly. â€Å"I'll come for you soon,† I promised. â€Å"I'll be waiting.† I hung the phone up. The day slipped away and extinguished its self as we drove quickly through the dark and winding road towards Forks. My mind was constantly thinking of the many ways I would torture and kill James. Emmett's line of thought was not far from my own, but he really just wanted a fight. He did want to protect Bella, but he was getting enjoyment out of this and I was not. When we finally arrived back in Washington we were greeted by Rosalie, who was still screaming nasty retorts in her mind at me. â€Å"I've followed Victoria everywhere but she hasn't returned to the airport and James has still not shown up. I've waited at the airport since Esme called me.† Rosalie spoke to Carlisle only. â€Å"Where is Victoria now?† asked Carlisle. â€Å"She has disappeared. I have no idea where she went. The rain has washed any lingering scent and between Esme and me we couldn't keep an eye on her, Charlie and the airport,† Rosalie explained. Carlisle placed a hand on her shoulder. â€Å"It's okay, you did an excellent job.† We continued to search throughout the day for Victoria and James but neither of them were around. We couldn't find any traces of their scent anymore. Rosalie kept guard at the airport. As each hour passed with no luck of finding either of them I felt a weight in my chest drop sickeningly down into my stomach. I felt like there was something wrong, like I was missing something crucial. Night came and we still had absolutely no luck in finding the two. It was about two in the morning when all of a sudden I felt my phone vibrate. I pulled it out of my pocket to read Alice's name on the caller ID. I felt my heart sink. When I opened it to answer Alice spoke so swiftly I didn't even have the chance to speak. â€Å"Edward, James is in Phoenix. I saw it in a vision; you need to get here now! He has been to her mother's house and at her old ballet studio.† Alice was uneasy. Carlisle and Emmett were with me and they both nodded their heads to me. We'll go with you, they both thought together, Emmett more eager than Carlisle. â€Å"We'll take the first flight out of Seattle. It leaves at five thirty, and then Carlisle, Emmett and myself are going to take Bella somewhere and hide her. We'll meet you at the airport,† I rushed through my words while running towards the Jeep to get our bags and then towards Seattle with Emmett and Carlisle behind me. I hung up the phone and in a short time we were outside of Seattle. The lights from the town became brighter the closer we raced towards the airport. Are you okay? Carlisle thought as we were running. â€Å"Not really,† I whispered. Don't worry, son. We'll get there and take her away some place safe. Carlisle reassured me. We arrived outside the airport and queued in line. Each second passed slowly as people weighed their bags and showed their ID's. Carlisle finally reached the desk. â€Å"Hello, we need three tickets to Phoenix, please,† he said politely to the man behind the counter. â€Å"We only have first class left,† the man informed us. â€Å"That's fine. Three first class tickets then,† Carlisle smiled to the man behind the counter and his heart raced along with his mind. There is something weird about these guys, especially the big one†¦creepy, he thought. He handed the tickets over the counter once we showed proper ID. We flew through the airport until we arrived at the gate. The waiting game we played tore at my nerves. Each second that Bella was in danger made my insides feel like they were being put through a grinder. Each thought of her being hurt ripped through my heart leaving big gaping holes. When we entered the plane we sat quickly in the front. As the passengers waited in a long line for others to put their luggage away, I was having to concentrate every particle of my mind not to snap their necks, take over the plane and fly it to Phoenix myself. I could feel the pulses of those closest to me and a woman flinched away when she accidently touched my cold skin. Carlisle had placed his hand on my shoulder, guessing what I was planning in my mind. Take it easy, Edward. I'm sure she will be fine. We'll get there and take her away, Carlisle tried to calm my nerves again. When the plane finally speed down the tarmac I laid my head back trying to think of anything else besides the danger I had brought upon Bella. The plane ascended quickly into the early morning sky. I started imagining the many places we could go. Isle Esme, perhaps? Or maybe Europe. I contemplated. I began thinking about us being alone together. Bella was in immediate danger but all I could think about is how wonderful it would be to hold her every day and every night and never have to worry about bringing her back. I would let her warm me every chance she got. My fantasies spun wildly out of control, but it was the only way I could keep my mind from racing the other way, towards Bella's possible death. Carlisle was reading a book about modern medicine while Emmett put ear phones in to watch a movie. I looked to see what the movie was because Emmett was contemplating all the moves he would have been making in each fight sequence. Fight Club, of course, I suppressed laughter at his many thoughts. I dove deeper into Emmett's mind, watching him mentally kick Brad Pitt's ass. It was quite entertaining. When the movie ended I started searching through Carlisle's mind to see if he had found anything interesting to read. He was reading about a new technology to remove different kinds of brain cancer that are almost impossible to get to without damaging the patient. â€Å"We are about to land in Phoenix Arizona where the time is nine twenty-seven. Looks like we are going to be arriving on a beautiful sunny day, where the temperature is eighty eight degrees,† the stewardess announced over the intercom. The plane began descending towards Phoenix. All I could think about was running across the airport and embracing Bella. The thought of her blushing face as I brought her lips to mine in greeting sent me above the edge, I was holding myself to the seat trying not to leapt up and break through the plane. Uh, Edward†¦you're about to break the seat's arm rests. Emmett smirked in my direction. I looked down and realized that I had left large hand imprints on the seats. I folded my arms across my chest. I felt a jolt as the plane landed onto the concrete air strip. I started to feel a sign of relief when I heard Alice's thoughts. Looks like his plane just landed. I hope Jasper brings Bella back from getting breakfast soon. Jasper is alone with Bella? I was instantly nervous. Why would she let him take her somewhere with no supervision? The plane moved slowly down the tarmac until we reached our gate. The slowness of the air crew had me day dreaming of just bursting through the side of the airplane to get to her. The door was finally opened and they let first class off the plane. We were the first ones to the exit but then we had to deal with the crowd outside the airplane. I began edging through the crowd at the slowest human pace I could imagine. Each second of knowing how close I was but still not there sent anger surging through my veins at the slow human sloths. As we moved closer to the baggage claim I began staring over the heads of the crowd, looking for any sign of Bella. Out of nowhere Alice was standing stock still in front of me with a piece of paper in her hand. Her eyes were wide with horror. â€Å"What is that?† I gasped. She was hiding something from me as she began thinking of different fashion designers from around the world. â€Å"It's from Bella,† Alice cried. â€Å"Where is she?† I began looking around the crowd, hoping beyond hope that she was not in some sort of danger. Alice's hand held out the piece of parchment. I snatched it out of her hand and quickly read over it. Edward, I love you. I am so sorry. He has my mom and I have to try. I know it may not work. I am so very, very sorry. Don't be angry with Alice and Jasper. If I get away from them it will be a miracle. Tell them thank you for me. Alice especially, please. And please, please don't come after him. That's what he wants, I think. I can't bear it if anyone has to be hurt because of me, especially you. Please, this is the only thing I can ask you now. For me. I love you. Forgive me. Bella. â€Å"Wasn't she in the airport with you?† I shouted. Alice cringed from my words but her face showed great sadness. â€Å"Yes,† she whispered. â€Å"Where's Jasper?† my eyes narrowed and I began to see through a red tint. Suddenly Alice showed me two terrifying visions she had since I left Seattle. I dove into her mind as the future continually shifted. The first was a vision of Bella lying on the ground in the ballet studio, I assumed, beaten and dead with James standing over her ?C blood dripping from the corners of his mouth. I felt like I could barely stand. My life was ?C over, gone. She showed me the second vision. Bella telling Jasper she has to go to the bathroom and her running straight through to another exit, fleeing the airport ?C alone. Unconsciously I was running towards the bathroom in Alice's vision. Jasper appeared in my vision and I heard his thoughts. She sure is taking a long time to go to the bathroom. I guess I'm not sure how long it takes for someone to go to the bathroom. I rushed past him and into the ladies bathroom. Loud screams erupted as I started opening stall after stall looking for Bella. I could barely smell her presence in the bathroom. The rest of my family flew in behind me. I rounded on Jasper. â€Å"Why didn't you watch after her?† I cried out. My stomach started plummeting horribly as each second passed. â€Å"She asked to go to the bathroom. I didn't know she would†¦run away,† Jasper looked shocked and ashamed. I didn't have any time to waste; I had to find Bella before she walked into James' lethal hands. I took in a deep breath trying to locate her scent. When I found it I flew out of the bathroom using the other exit and ran towards an elevator. I pressed the button several times impatiently. The elevator was too slow so I rushed down the stairs, opening the door to each floor to take a whiff of the air, looking for Bella. I finally opened the door to the most delicious fragrance, like she was standing in front of me. It must not have been long ago that she was there. I continued to take in deep breaths of the glorious fragrance until I was running outside where her scent no longer lingered at the end of the side walk. I looked up and the warm sun was shining brightly in the sky. I looked down at the edge of the shadow I stood on – where Bella last stood. I fell to my knees as I realized I couldn't follow. Pain began searing through my veins as I realized I was too late to save he r. A scream of agony almost escaped my lips as my body ripped into two. There was no way to find her and I realized that my other half, Bella, would forever be gone.

Social Security and the Downfalls of Early Retirement Essay

Social Security and the Downfalls of Early Retirement - Essay Example As a means of providing a certain level of financial assistance to those who have entered the later years of their live, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in one of his acts as commander-in-chief, enacted a social help doctrine that would be commonly known as Social Security. The importance of Social Security is not lost among people. The program in which benefactors are able to received a certain amount of financial help each month after a certain age which is supposed to be comparable to the amount of earnings that the person would have been into the system over the lifetime in which they were working. As many of the "baby boomer" generation begin their approach to retirement, there is a great concern amongst many people as to how the Social Security system will ultimately handle the influx of new retirees as they filter in. Some wish to retire early, while others are determined to maintain their status as working individuals to the median age of retirement, or the common age in which many people choose to not work anymore. As it stands, the current health of the Social Security system is at a point in which there is great concern when it comes to the amount of beneficiaries there will be in the near future. With such being the case, the level in which the system can support both current, as well as future retirees, is something that has many answers to it and great implications for the ultimate outcome. A question for a great many people is to whether or not they are able to retire early and as such draw upon their benefits. The following can become very true; Social Security for early retirement is a complicated issue. Since many countries cannot offer significant financial support for retirement, this indicates that a person should save money early to be prepared and become financially secured as he or she retires from work. Contrary to popular belief, the Social Security never intended to be thee only source of income for retired people. For this reason, weighing the pros and cons of social security for early retirement is important to understand your rights, benefits and limitations so you could invest in other pension plans to support your retirement. Over fifty years ago, life expectancy of a person who started earning income around 20 years old was at age 68. Today, the life expectancy of that same 20-year-old who started earning is at around age 78, which continues to rise. For this reason, the earlier you save money for retirement, the greater benefits you will receive once you retire. ("Understanding", p.1). To decide how best to go about retiring, whether it being to do so early or at the age in which is considered to be common, an important thing to keep in mind is to observe and consider whether or not the Social Security system would be solvent enough to provide enough benefits to help beneficiaries in their later years. Essentially, to retire early means a less amount of benefits that will be available at the end of the retiree's life, with those benefits having been used to care for the person when they sought to leave the work

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets Essay

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets - Essay Example All the literature on market efficiency defines an efficient market as one where prices reflect all available information and sellers cannot earn windfall profits in a sustained manner (Fama, 1970). Large profits can be earned only by having inside information that is not publicly known and trading based on such information, or through misinformation; both are illegal. In an efficient market, assuming all companies disclose information to investors, only those who enter the market first may earn above average returns. Just like any other market, the one who arrives first can buy at a lower price and then, as demand goes up, sell at a higher price. This logic that consistently beating the market is not possible led to the creation of index funds that mimic the market's performance. Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. He claims that conclu... Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. So going back to our question: are markets efficient Fama (1998) thinks it is and that it continues to be so as proven by empirical studies (Fama and French 1992, 1993, 1996 and Malkiel, 1995). He claims that conclusions based on market anomalies discovered by behavioural finance are due to poorly done statistical work (1998, pp. 292-294) and amateurish techniques (1998, p. 296). He cited (1998, pp. 288-290) above average returns as the result of chance, that behavioural finance models are loaded with judgmental biases making it predictably easy to justify any hypothesis proposed, and that the efficient market hypothesis can explain all forms of market behaviour to date. Behavioural finance supporters Barberis, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) claim that an ongoing battle between rational and irrational traders exists in the market, with the irrational ones dominating. The systematic errors that irrational investors make when they use public information to form expectations of future cash flows overwhelm the efforts of rational traders to undo the former's market dislocating effects. Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998) state that irrational traders' overconfidence in interpreting

Applications and ethics of genetic engineering and biotechnology Term Paper

Applications and ethics of genetic engineering and biotechnology - Term Paper Example Biotechnology traces its roots as early as two thousand years ago. In this depiction, commonly referred to as traditional biotechnology, practices of bread baking, alcohol brewing, food crops breeding were evident. However, the recent advancements in molecular biology have provided a new meaning to biotechnology. This is called modern biotechnology and has provided opportunities and challenges to the public. Modern biotechnology can bear significant impacts on the society and the entire world economy. A distinct example of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering (Keener, Thomas and Rekha 2011). Genetic engineering is defined as the process of transferring selected genes of interest between organisms. Additionally, it can refer to the modification of genes within organisms. It can be achieved by addition or deletion of a desired trait. It is through this technique that genetically modified crops or organisms, commonly referred to as transgenics are formed. It has been at the epicenter of public attention and concern to consumers with regards to ethical issues. The objective of this paper is to clearly elaborate the gains made by modern biotechnology in applications such as human gene therapy and genetically modified organisms. With equal measure, these paper discuses the ethical concerns surrounding biotechnological applications (Gifford, 2000). Research advancements in genetic engineering and biotechnology achieved over the last twenty years have had worldwide impacts in a number of ways. Generally, a larger percentage of the public has warmly embraced the technology. Furthermore, the same group has termed it as being beneficial with minimal challenge. However, there is a growing comprehension that new technologies harbor risks, costs and benefits. For example, in 2000 the U.S government increased its funding towards development of biotechnology and genetic engineering. This was a strategy to fight hunger in

The Chinese Decision to Enter the Korean War Essay

The Chinese Decision to Enter the Korean War - Essay Example China's intervention in Korea cannot be ascribed simply to wanting to maintain the semblance of balance of power, "a theory of state behavior [that] explains and predicts how states respond to threats posed by a potentially dominant, revisionist and aggressive state"1, based on the assumption that states seek to, "maximize their power in order to survive in a competitive international system".2 US presence in the Asian region led to China and the US pursuing purely security related strategies that were mutually exclusive, inadvertently generating mutual hostility. Similarly, Chinese responses cannot be generalized into the Chinese merely wanting to secure their national interests without taking into consideration many other factors such as leadership challenges, domestic imperatives, and political consensus amongst domestic bureaucracies that can impinge upon foreign policy. The general understanding and belief is that China's foreign policy has been shaped primarily by external stimulus with domestic factors playing only a marginal role. However, the inability of existing theories to fully explain the reasons for China's entry into the conflict signifies that we must look at explanations that go beyond functional concepts of International Relations but also look more closely at internal factors and domestic compulsions. Students of international relations a... This is particularly relevant in the context of the Korean War, when one recollects that China was then emerging from the throes of a protracted civil war and that the People's Republic of China had been formally declared less than a year earlier, in October 1949. When the internal polity of a country is in a state of flux, any government which is seen as defending a nation's interests will only emerge stronger. China's entry into the Korean conflict can therefore, largely be seen to emanate as a result of the CCP converting a external 'threat' into an opportunity to consolidate its position internally. Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 and remained under Japanese occupation until the end of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States decided to oversee the surrender of Japanese forces to the North and South of the 38th parallel respectively. This was to be a temporary arrangement, with a united Korea the ultimate aim. In the interim, the US and the Soviet Union established governments in their respective zones that were sympathetic to their political ideologies. The US installed Syngman Lee in South Korea, while the Soviet Union backed North Korea Kim Il-Sung, with both wanting a unified Korea, under their own system and stewardship. However, North Korea was bolstered by Soviet advisors and military equipment was better prepared to seize the initiative. The North Korean attack across the 38th Parallel in June 1950 was a resounding success North Korea could not capitalize on their gains. North Korea failed to accomplish two crucial tasks, namely the total annihilation of the South Korean army and the

Balanced Scorecard Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

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Alignment of IT Strategy CP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alignment of IT Strategy CP - Essay Example This paper will candidly and comprehensively explicate why an IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is the most effective way to support any kind of overall business strategy. Firstly, from a vaguest and broadest perspective, cutting-edge technology can be described as technological techniques and/or devices that are at the frontier of knowledge, but have been used for a relatively long time jettisoning the unreliability threats to users. Apparently, with cutting-edge technology, a business stays informed on the feasibility of their objects and the possibility of its strategy succeeding. Hence, an IT strategy focused on maintain cutting-edge technology enables the business to triumph by guaranteeing that decisions will be made based on latest available information (Keyes, 2005). Any incongruity of information or rather information asymmetry that would have torpedoed the business’s plan can be thwarted through implementation of IT strategies pinpointed on cutting-edge technology. Additionally, in the past, organizations were unable to bridge the fissure between business and IT professionals due to the perceived dissimilarities in culture, objectives, mutual ignorance and incentives. Consequently, the IT systems proved to be expensive and unable to deliver sufficient returns on investment. However, an IT strategy centered on cutting-edge technology position helps the present organizations to maximize value on investments by openly defining who is responsible for the attainment of certain goals and objectives and unequivocally specifies the indispensable resources (Keyes, 2005). Moreover, the misunderstanding often associated with incorporation of technology into the management of a business is eliminated and replaced with a mutual understanding of how the business’s strategies or objectives will be attained. For

Balance of Payment Essay Example for Free

Balance of Payment Essay Definition: BOT is the difference between the various export and import of visible goods of a country during a time. If the value of visible export exceed than the value of visible import than the balance of trade is said to be in favor. OR â€Å"The value of goods and services bought and sold in the world market.† Cause of Adverse Balance of Payment Since independence of Pakistan, balance of payment condition was not satisfactory. Accept few years, Pakistan is facing deficit in her balance of payment. The deficit is met by the loans. The deficit is increasing day by day. †¢ Import Of Machinery Developing countries are importing machines and technology to improve the industrial sector. It has made the balance of payment unfavorable because the value of capital goods is increasing day by day and we want to industrialize our economy. †¢ Export Of Raw Material Exports of Pakistan depend upon raw material and semi-manufactured goods. The price of raw material is very low in the world market. So our balance of payment remains unfavorable. For instance the product of cotton reduced in 1995 due to virus, so it also affected adversely our balance of payment, because we imported cotton instead of exporting. †¢ Political Unrest Many less developed countries like Pakistan are facing political unrest, which is the main cause of low production. Ultimately balance of payment remains unfavorable. In this situation investors fears to do the investment. †¢ Import Of Wheat Pakistan is facing the food shortage problem and spending a huge amount of foreign exchange on its import. In the past we imported many times like wheat and it has affected our balance of payment. †¢ Increase In The Sick Industrial Units Due to Nationalization a number of units are suffering a loss. These are not producing goods according to their full capacity. The low production has reduced the exports and increased the deficit of the budget. †¢ Domestic Problem Floods problem and Nationalization of industries reduced the production and exports of the country. Up till now majority of afghan refugees is living in Pakistan and most of them have got National identity cards in Pakistan. Characteristic of Under-Developed Country ââ€" ª High Capital Output Ratio Capital output ratio is the relationship in a given economy or in an industry for a given time period to the output of that economy or industry for similar time period. Capital output ratio in developing countries is very high because of uneconomic use of capital resources. ââ€" ª Dependence On Agriculture Most of the less developed countries like Pakistan depend upon agriculture sector. The majority of population is engaged in agriculture. But unfortunately agriculture is hopelessly in a backward stage in the developing countries, the average land holding and per acre yield is low. ââ€" ª Lack Of Capital Another common characteristic of developing countries is that there is a shortage of capital because of low level of incomes, low rate of saving, low rate of investment and unequal distribution of wealth. ââ€" ª Vicious Circle Of Poverty A poor country is trapped in its own poverty. In the less developed countries production per capital income, saving and investment is low, so low investment leads to low production. ââ€" ª Unequal Economic And Political Power For many less developed countries, a significant factor contributing to the persistence of low levels of living, rising unemployment, and growing income unequal distribution of economic and political power between the rich and the poor.  Hoarding In the developing countries like Pakistan, people have the habit of hoarding precious metals, stones and currency. Gold and silver are used as ornaments instead of productive purpose.