Human Rights Violations In East Timor Essays -

Human Rights Violations in East Timor Human Rights Violations in East Timor The Portuguese first colonized the island of Timor, of which East Timor is part of along with West Timor, in 1520. The next three centuries marked attempts by the Spanish, the Dutch, and the British to colonize the island. These attempts were successful, but Portuguese sovereignty over East Timor was finalized due to treaties signed in 1860 and 1893. Later, during World War I, Timor became under the control of the Japanese, until the Portuguese once again regained possession. However, in 1975, political movements and civil war broke out causing so-called"disappearances," executions, violence, crimes against humanity, and other atrocities. Twenty-five years later, in 1999, atrocities still exist in East Timor. Portugal ruled the colony with a ruthless and brutal regime during the years before WWI. Despite attempts to bring peace to the island by breaking up the local kingdoms, the people did not change their lifestyles. Though people attempted to rebel against Portuguese rule, their attempts were crushed. The Japanese took over the island in 1941. Following the takeover, a small group of Allied troops with support from the natives waged guerilla warfare against the occupiers. While the successes of the Allies were great, over 60,000 natives, almost 13% of their population, lost their lives. ( easttimor.com) After the War, the Portuguese fascist regime ruled the island as before. However, in 1974, the fall of the dictatorship completely changed the mentality on the island. Three main political parties emerged, each having its own goals. The UDT (pro Portugal) and the ASDT (pro Independence) formed a coalition and the ASDT became what is called as Fretilin. The other party, Adopedti (pro Indonesia) had little support in East Timor, but was backed by the military regime of General Suharto in Indonesia. Soon after, the UDT withdrew from the ASDT, and they staged a coup against the ASDT and Fretilin in the capital city of Dili. Fretilin opposed the coup, conquered the UDT forces, and set up their own government. The Indonesian army invaded the town of Batugade in December of 1975, causing more conflict. After the fall of Batugade, Fretilin declared independence, and the Indonesian army invaded Dili on the 7th December. This takeover was violent and the Indonesian Army executed thousands of civilians. More than 10% of the population of Dili were killed in the first four months, with a death toll nearing between 60,000 - 100,000 lives. ( easttimor.com ) During the invasion of Dili in December 1975, the Indonesian army committed horrible acts towards civilians. Apparently, according to Amnesty International, there are dozens of reports that tell of indiscriminate killings as the soldiers came into Dili. Civilians were rounded up like cattle as most were shot execution style, while others were apparently tied to poles and thrown into the ocean. Estimates of the death toll report that at least 10% of the capital's population was murdered. Once the United States, Europe, and Australia gave backing to Indonesia, any resistance to them was crushed. The atrocities never stopped from there. Entire villages were enclosed and the population was either executed or transported to camps. These camps were like prisons, the people couldn't even grow their own food, which is what they have relied on their entire lives. Thousands of people starved in these camps. Villages were even subjected to chemical weapons that destroyed their crops and poisoned their water. On November of 1991, a massacre by the army of peaceful protesters in Dili was videotaped and broadcast around the world. This massacre soon became known as the Santa Cruz Massacre, after the cemetery where the massacre took place. Ensuing investigations revealed that at least 270 people, most of whom were children, were killed and that many others were imprisoned, tortured, and executed in the following weeks. The Santa Cruz massacre caught the attention of the world and brought up questions of the human rights situation in East Timor. In 1993, the UN Human Rights Commission passed a decree condemning Indonesia. After this decree, numerous organizations visited the country and decided that the human rights situation was intolerable. However, these were short-lived and basically accomplished nothing. Since 1991, killings have continued, while harassment, torture, and imprisonment of suspected opponents of Indonesian rule occurs everyday. The last few years have seen a growing amount of tension between the people of East Timor and the thousands of Indonesian migrants living there. These tensions have resulted in occasional outbreaks of violence between the two groups. Within two months ago, according to the East Timor homepage, twelve pregnant East Timorese women, seeking shelter in refugee camps, had their throats

How Neon Lights Work (A Simple Explanation)

How Neon Lights Work (A Simple Explanation) Neon lights are colorful, bright, and reliable, so you see them used in signs, displays, and even airport landing strips. Have you ever wondered how they work and how different colors of light are produced? Key Takeaways: Neon Lights A neon light contains a tiny amount of neon gas under low pressure.Electricity provides energy to strip electrons away from neon atoms, ionizing them. Ions are attracted to terminals of the lamp, completing the electric circuit.Light is produced when neon atoms gain enough energy to become excited. When an atom returns to a lower energy state, it releases a photon (light). How a Neon Light Works A neon light consists of a glass tube filled with a small amount (low pressure) of neon gas. Neon is used because it is one of the noble gases. One characteristic of these elements is that each atom has a filled electron shell, so the atoms dont react with other atoms and it takes a lot of energy to remove an electron.There is an electrode at either end of the tube. A neon light actually works using either AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current), but if DC current is used, the glow is only seen around one electrode. AC current is used for most neon lights you see.When an electric voltage is applied to the terminals (about 15,000 volts), enough energy is supplied to remove an outer electron from the neon atoms. If there is not enough voltage, there will not be enough kinetic energy for the electrons to escape their atoms and nothing will happen. The positively charged neon atoms (cations) are attracted to the negative terminal, while the free electrons are attracted to the pos itive terminal. These charged particles, called plasma, complete the electric circuit of the lamp. So where does the light come from? Atoms in the tube are moving around, hitting each other. They transfer energy to each other, plus a lot of heat is produced. While some electrons escape their atoms, others gain enough energy to become excited. This means they have a higher energy state. Being excited is like climbing a ladder, where an electron can be on a particular rung of the ladder, not just anywhere on its length. The electron can return to its original energy (ground state) by releasing that energy as a photon (light). The color of the light that is produced depends on how far apart the excited energy is from the original energy. Like the distance between rungs of a ladder, this is a set interval. So, each excited electron of an atom releases a characteristic wavelength of photon. In other words, each excited noble gas releases a characteristic color of light. For neon, this is a reddish-orange light. How Other Colors of Light Are Produced You see lots of different colors of signs, so you might wonder how this works. There are two main ways of producing other colors of light besides the orange-red of neon. One way is to use another gas or a mixture of gases to produce colors. As mentioned earlier, each noble gas releases a characteristic color of light. For example, helium glows pink, krypton is green, and argon is blue. If the gases are mixed, intermediate colors can be produced. The other way to produce colors is to coat the glass with a phosphor or other chemical that will glow a certain color when it is energized. Because of the range of coatings available, most modern lights no longer use neon, but are fluorescent lamps that rely on a mercury/argon discharge and a phosphor coating. If you see a clear light glowing in a color, its a noble gas light. Another way to change the color of the light, although its not used in light fixtures, is to control the energy supplied to the light. While you usually see one color per element in a light, there are actually different energy levels available to excited electrons, which correspond to a spectrum of light that element can produce. Brief History of the Neon Light Heinrich Geissler (1857) Geissler is considered the Father of Fluorescent Lamps. His Geissler Tube was a glass tube with electrodes at either end containing a gas at partial vacuum pressure. He experimented arcing current through various gases to produce light. The tube was the basis for the neon light, mercury vapor light, fluorescent light, sodium lamp, and metal halide lamp. William Ramsay Morris W. Travers (1898) Ramsay and Travers made a neon lamp, but neon was extremely rare, so the invention was not cost-effective. Daniel McFarlan Moore (1904) Moore commercially installed the Moore Tube, which ran an electric arc through nitrogen and carbon dioxide to produce light. Georges Claude (1902) While Claude did not invent the neon lamp, he did devise a method to isolate neon from air, making the light affordable. The neon light was demonstrated by Georges Claude in December of 1910 at the Paris Motor Show. Claude initially worked with Moores design, but developed a reliable lamp design of his own and cornered the market for the lights until the 1930s. Make a Fake Neon Sign (no neon required)

Document analyzation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Document analyzation - Essay Example His life, thoughts and action can be seen, heard and read in his own works called the â€Å"General Outline of Measures for the Reconstruction of Japan.† The document that strongly advocated national distribution of wealth had given much hope followed by an intense longing for reforms by the poverty-stricken citizens of the pre-industrial era. It had its own dire effect and far-reaching consequences. The string of events prior to and on the day of the February 26, 1936 incident several years after his first mimeographed publication of the banned document had cost him his life when he was executed together with the conspirators of the military uprising. Kita’s daring attempts to overhaul the feudal system and disturb the status quo of the Japanese aristocracy is rarely mentioned in many historical accounts. Nonetheless, his death and the subsequent recognition of his ideas stirred the Japanese consciousness into treading the path of ultra-nationalism. The imminent build- up of a national frame of mind that has dealt Japan so much progress as it has given them grief and humiliation as an offshoot to its military adventurism and expansionist policy, most of which was believed to have taken roots from the minds of Kita. 2 In life and in death, Kita Ikki and the likes of him are just blatantly daring.

United States Policy Towards Syria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States Policy Towards Syria - Essay Example Assad’s troops then disgorged the common anti-Israel bile (Hersh, 2011). Therefore, Assad has proved to be very witty and stubborn to other nations like Israel. That is why the United States came in and it is now attempting to pull down Bashar Al-Assad from power. According to Timmerman Kenneth (2001), it has not been that easy because a few days ago Assad’s regime initiated mob assault on the French and American Embassies in Damascus meaning that he is already aware about their mission. Political stake in America is that President Obama is planning to command that Syrian powerful man Bashar Al-Assad steps down. The ultimate aim of this context is to respond to the question, will Assad leave the office as US is demanding and this will happen under what circumstances? The only way to pull him down is through pressurizing him using different tactics. Therefore, this context looks at different strategies through which Assad may leave. There are three main strategies of approach that the US needs to employ as we shall see later (Hook, 2010). The following is a map of Syria showing major regions that are affected by political instability in the country. Timmerman, Kenneth R. 2001 Document Outcome Before the United States declares forceful removal of Assad from power, it has to examine both sides of the case. It must ensure that once the process is through, all the Syria citizens remain happy and at peace and the US itself as well as the international community is happy with the outcome of the process (Hersh, 2011). This means that the Obama administration must consider the US national interest and Syria’s national interest before taking any action. Therefore, the policy objectives that they lay down must be consistent to the expectations of Syr ian citizens. The first policy objective to be considered is to ensure they employ a soft oratory scheme to avoid showing the world that they support the opposition group. Their focus should be on democratic principles and not just showing support to the opposition. If such a peaceful system is employed, the most probable outcome of US’s policy toward Syria will be a success in ensuring Assad is no longer in power, and people receive democracy (Hersh, 2011). Brief Background The gesticulate of Arab turbulence that began with the Tunisian rebellion of January 2011 extended all through to the Middle East Arab nations particularly to Syria in mid-March. During that time, residents of a diminutive city went to the streets to complain about the torment of students who had designed anti-regime graffiti. President Bashar al-Assad who inherited dictatorial leadership from his father pretended to be a compassionate leader at first since he hesitated in taking force and reform actions. However, in April 2011 after he had hosted the country’s decades-aged stratocracy, he initiated the first of what turned up to be a sequence of onslaught, sending tanks into restless cities and security troops began firing live bullets on students who were demonstrating. Note that later on, it was too hard to either stop the violence or take Assad’s political reform offers – neglected as impostors by remonstration leaders could end the political instability. According to Ze'ev Schiff (2002), the demonstrators have never managed to withstand direct physical attack from the military, armed forces. The conflict began as a small issue,

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Essay Example The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed the would - be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered. The Act also provided for Department of Justice oversight to registration, and the Department's approval for any change in voting law in districts that had used as a "device" to limit voting and in which less than 50% of the population was registered to vote in 1964. It was signed in 1965, and signed for a 25 year extension by George W. Bush on July, 2006. National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) was founded in New York in 1909 for the purpose to improve the living condition of Black Americans at that time. Although their conditions improved enormously, many differences existed in the rights of United States citizens because of ethnic origin; The NAACP continued to seek a single class of citizenship for every American. W.E.B. Du Bois an American writer in 1895 argued that "blacks should accept their social status and work to improve their lives through economic means". The association also secured the elimination of the so- called "grandfather clause", a clause in the voting laws of certain Southern States that permitted only those people to vote whose grandfathers had voted. Because the grandfathers of blacks had been slaves so could not vote, this clause effectively denied enfranchisement to blacks. With the help of organized labour and by various minority groups, civic, and fraternal organizations, the NAACP went on to lead the efforts that resulted in the enactment of the Civil Rights of 1957 and 1964, the voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968. W.E. Bois says in his magazine, "to stand for the rights of men, irrespective of colour or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals."* *The Crisis, a magazine founded in 1910 by the American writer and sociologist W.E. Du Bois In 1948 Gerald R. Ford was elected to the US House of Representatives. During his tenure he favored increasing the defense budget, and he usually voted for civil rights legislation. In 1965 he was elected minority leader of the House of Representatives. Among the practices that have been the objects of electoral reforms are actual or threatened physical violence; concealed pressures such as those exercised by some

Pump And Hydraulic Fluid Engineering Essay

Pump And Hydraulic Fluid Engineering Essay Introduction: This assignment mainly talks about the hydraulic system in an aircraft. The hydraulic system in an aircraft is use for operating various services such as landing gear, wheel brakes and power flight controls etc. Each system has its own hydraulic circuit within the system. These independent circuits are connected to the common pressure and return lines of the hydraulic power circuit. A complete power hydraulic system consists of the following; A power or delivery circuit, A number of service circuits, Emergency circuits. Below is the diagram of basic hydraulic system; http://www.ustudy.in/sites/default/files/images/hydraulic-system.gif Task Two: Pump: Pump provides pressurise hydraulic fluid to the system by comprising the fluid which comes from the reservoir. Pump can pressurise the fluid up to 5000 psi. depends on different pumps. Pressure Reducing Valve: The Pressure Reducing valve reduces the system output pressure to a pressure suitable for operating a specific system or component. Pressure Relief Valve: Whenever there is excessive pressure in the system the pressure relief valve reliefs the extra pressure. Reservoir: The function of reservoir in the hydraulic system is to store the hydraulic fluid and delivers the hydraulic fluid to the pump which then gives the pressurise fluid to the system. The reservoir also pressurise the fluid up to 40psi in order to not get cavitation. Motor: The function of Motor is to help in engaging the pump and also help in starting the system. Strainer: Strainer is a filter. It filters out the dirt before the fluid goes to the pump. There are high and low pressures strainers, normally the high pressure strainer are after the pump and low pressure are before the pump. Task Three: B767 HYDRAULICS SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION: This airplane has three independent hydraulics systems which are; Left Hydraulic system This hydraulics system powers the; Flight controls Left side engine Thrust reversal It consists of; Reservoir, Engine Driven pump, and Electric motor driven pump Right Hydraulic system This system is similar to Left hydraulic system and it consists of same; Reservoir, Engine driven pump, and Electric motor driven pump This system powers the; Flight controls, Right side engine Thrust reversal, Normal brakes, and Pitch enhancement Centre hydraulics system The system consists of; Reservoir, Two Electric motor driven pumps, An Air driven demand pump, and RAT (Ram Air Turbine) pump It powers the; Flight controls, Nose wheel steering, Flaps and slats, Alternate brakes, Landing gear, Hydraulic driven generator, and Tail skid So basically the hydraulic system of this aircraft powers the; Flight controls, Leading edge slats, Trailing edge flaps, Landing gear, Wheel brakes, Nose wheel steering, Autopilot servos, Thrust reversals, and Tail skid Flight control system components are distributed so that any hydraulic system can provide adequate airplane controllability. All hydraulic reservoirs supplies fluid to pumps and these pumps pressurized the system and the reservoirs are pressurized by bleed air system. Below figure shows three independent system what they consist of and to what they power. It also display there switches in the cockpit. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SCHEMATICS FLUID SUPPLY Hydraulic fluid is supplied to each pump from a reservoir. Reservoirs are pressurized from bleed air system. There is fluid quantity measured device in all the reservoirs which provides information on EICAS status display. When RF illuminates on the EICAS status page then the reservoirs requires refilling prior to dispatch. Valid only when airplane is on ground with both engines shutdown or after landing with flaps up during taxi-in. As shown in figure below; The QTY (1) light illuminates and the EICAS advisory message e.g. L HYD QTY displays which means that left side reservoir fluid quantity is low. SYS PRESS (2) illuminates when the system pressure is less. ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP: The primary hydraulic system pump is engine driven pump. As there are two engines on this aircraft it has two engines driven pump left and right. It runs with the engine and pressurized the system. When the pump output pressure is low the primary pump PRESS light illuminates on the hydraulic overhead panel and a warning display on the EICAS e.g. (if it is right side) R HYD PRIM PUMP. When the pump temperature is high OVHT light illuminates on the hydraulic overhead panel and again a warning display on the EICAS e.g. (if its left side) L PRIM HYD OVHT ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN PRIMARY PUMP: The two centre electric motor driven primary pumps are identical to the left and right systems electric motor driven pumps. The C2 pump may be load shed automatically to reduce electrical loads. As you can see the figure above it has also the same PRESS low pressure and over heat OVHT warnings on hydraulic overhead panel. The associated EICAS messages for low output pressure C HYD PRIM 1 or C HYD PRIM 2 and for over heat C HYD 1 OVHT or C HYD 2 OVHT. ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN DEMAND PUMP: An electric motor driven demand pump provides an additional hydraulic power either on demand or continuously for periods of high system demand. The demand pump also provides a backup hydraulic power source for the engine driven primary pumps. To reduce electrical load, the electric demand pump is inhibited on the ground during engine start of either engine, when only one electrical generator is operating. The demand pump PRESS and SYS PRESS lights illuminates when starting engines on the ground. As shown in the figure below the overhead hydraulic panel with warnings. The warnings will also display on the EICAS e.g. R HYD DEM PUMP. AIR DRIVEN DEMAND PUMP: An air driven demand pump also provides additional hydraulic power either on demand or continuously for periods of high system demand. This pump provides the backup hydraulic power for electric motor driven primary pumps. As shown in picture above it shows the warnings on the hydraulic panel PRESS when its low pressure and OVHT when the pump come over heat. The warning can also be seen in EICAS. RAT (RAM AIR TURBINE) PUMP: This pump is used in emergency conditions it provides hydraulic power to the flight control portion of the centre hydraulic system. The RAT provides adequate hydraulic power at the speed above 130 knots. In flight, the RAT deploys automatically when both engine fails. The RAT is inhibited from auto deployment on the ground. The RAT can be deployed manually by pushing the RAT switch. The UNLKD light illuminates and the EICAS advisory message RAT UNLOCKED displays when the RAT is not stowed and locked. Once the RAT is producing the pressure the PRESS lights illuminates. The SYS PRESS light illuminated if RAT is only the source of centre system pressure. Once the RAT is deployed then it cannot be stowed in flight. SYSTEM PRESSURE INDICATIONS: The SYS PRESS lights illuminates and the EICAS caution message e.g. ( for left hydraulic system) L HYD SYS PRESS when the left side hydraulic system pressure is low same for the right side and centre system. HYDRAULIC DRIVEN GENERATOR: Hydraulic driven generator is automatically powered by the centre system when electrical power is lost from both main AC buses. The centre air demand pump then operates continuously to ensure sufficient hydraulic pressure to drive the generator. HYDRAULIC PANEL: System Pressure (SYS PRESS) Lights: Illuminated (amber) system pressure is low. Reservoir Low Quantity (QTY) Lights: Illuminated (amber) reservoir quantity is low. Left/Right Engine (L/R ENG) Primary Pump Switches: ON the engine driven hydraulic pump pressurized when engine rotates. OFF (ON not visible) the engine driven hydraulic pump is turned off and depressurized. Pump Pressure Lights (PRESS) : Illuminated amber Pump output pressure is low. Pump Overheat (OVHT) Lights: Illuminated amber pump temperature is high. Centre 1/2 Electric (C1/2 ELEC) Primary Pump Switches: ON the electric motor driven pump pressurized the centre hydraulic system. OFF the electric motor driven pump is turned off and is not pressurizing the system. Left/Right Electric and Centre Air ( L/R ELEC and C AIR) Demand Pump Selectors: ON continuous operation AUTO Left/Right electric pumps operate when engine pump pressure is low. Centre air demand pump operates when both centre electric pump pressure is low. Centre AIR demand pump operates when heavy load items are selected. OFF Pumps are turned off LANDING GEAR: Introduction: The airplane has two main landing gear and single nose gear. The nose gear is a steerable with two wheel unit. Each main gear has four wheels in tandem pairs. Hydraulic power for retraction, extension, and steering is supplied by the centre hydraulic system. An alternative extension system is also provided. Below is the schematic of the landing gear system; Air Ground Sensing System: The air ground sensing system receives air ground logic signals from tilt sensors located on each main landing gear. These signals are used to configure the airplane system to the appropriate air or ground status. A nose air ground system receives signals from nose gear strut compression sensors. These signals are for controlling stall warning and portions of the caution and warning system. LANDING GEAR UNDER NORMAL OPERATION: The landing gears are normally controlled by the landing gear lever. On the ground, the lever is held in DN position by an automatic lever lock controlled by the main gear tilt sensor. The lever lock can manually overridden by pushing and holding the landing gear lever LOCK OVRD switch. In flight, the lever lock is automatically released through the air ground sensing of main gear tilt sensor. Landing Gear Retraction: When the landing gear lever is positioned to UP, the tilted landing gear begins to retract. The landing gear doors open and the gear retract to up position. Automatic wheel braking occurs during gear retraction. The landing gear lever is placed in the OFF position to depressurize the landing gear system. Landing Gear Extension: When the landing gear level is moved to DN, the landing gear door opens, the gear are unlocked, and the GEAR and DOORS light illuminates. The gears are hydraulically powered to the down and lock position. The down locks are powered to the lock position, all hydraulically actuated gear door close, and the main gear trucks hydraulically tilt to the flight position. When all gears are down and locked, the gear down light illuminates and the GEAR and DOOR light extinguish. Landing Gear Alternative Extension: The alternative landing gear extension system uses an electric motor to trip the locking mechanism for each gear. Selecting DN on the ALTN GEAR EXTEND switch releases all the door and gear up locks, the landing gear then free fall to the down and locked position. TASK FOUR: HEALTH SAFETY REGULATION: Introduction: The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 cover a wide range of basic health, safety and welfare issues and apply to most workplaces (with the exception of those workplaces involving construction work on construction sites, those in or on a ship, or those below ground at a mine). They are amended by the Quarries Regulations 1999, the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2002, the Work at Height Regulations 2005, and the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. These Regulations aim to ensure that workplaces meet the health, safety and welfare needs of all members of a workforce, including people with disabilities. Several of the Regulations require things to be suitable. Followings are the Health and safety regulations which should be followed in the working place; HEALTH: Ventilation Workplaces need to be adequately ventilated. Fresh, clean air should be drawn from a source outside the workplace, uncontaminated by discharges from flues, chimneys or other process outlets, and be circulated through the workrooms. Ventilation should also remove and dilute warm, humid air and provide air movement which gives a sense of freshness without causing a draught. If the workplace contains process or heating equipment or other sources of dust, fumes or vapours, more fresh air will be needed to provide adequate ventilation. Windows or other openings may provide sufficient ventilation but, where necessary, mechanical ventilation systems should be provided and regularly maintained. Temperatures in indoor workplaces Environmental factors (such as humidity and sources of heat in the workplace) combine with personal factors (such as the clothing a worker is wearing and how physically demanding their work is) to influence what is called someones thermal comfort. Individual personal preference makes it difficult to specify a thermal environment which satisfies everyone. For workplaces where the activity is mainly sedentary, for example offices, the temperature should normally be at least 16 Â °C. If work involves physical effort it should be at least 13 Â °C (unless other laws require lower temperatures). Work in hot or cold environment This includes risk to workers health from working in either a hot or cold environment needs to consider both personal and environmental factors. Personal factors include body activity, the amount and type of clothing, and duration of exposure. Environmental factors include ambient temperature and radiant heat; and if the work is outside, sunlight, wind velocity and the presence of rain or snow. Lighting: Lighting should be sufficient to enable people to work and move about safely. Lighting and light fittings should not create any hazard. Automatic emergency lighting, powered by an independent source, should be provided where sudden loss of light would create a risk. Cleanliness and waste material Every workplace and the furniture, furnishings and fittings should be kept clean and it should be possible to keep the surfaces of floors, walls and ceilings clean. Cleaning and the removal of waste should be carried out as necessary by an effective method. Waste should be stored in suitable receptacles. Room dimensions and space: Workrooms should have enough free space to allow people to move about with ease. Workstations and seating: Workstations should be suitable for the people using them and for the work they do. People should be able to leave workstations swiftly in an emergency. If work can or must be done sitting, seats which are suitable for the people using them and for the work they do should be provided. Seating should give adequate support for the lower back, and footrests should be provided for workers who cannot place their feet flat on the floor. SAFETY: Maintenance: The workplace, and certain equipment, devices and systems should be maintained in efficient working order (efficient for health, safety and welfare). Such maintenance is required for mechanical ventilation systems; equipment and devices which would cause a risk to health, safety or welfare if a fault occurred; and equipment and devices intended to prevent or reduce hazard. The condition of the buildings needs to be monitored to ensure that they have appropriate stability and solidity for their use. This includes risks from the normal running of the work process (e.g. vibration, floor loadings) and foreseeable risks (e.g. fire in a cylinder store). Floor: The surfaces should not have holes or be uneven or slippery, and should be kept free of obstructions and from any article or substance which may cause a person to slip, trip or fall. Criteria for defects such as subsidence, unevenness, pot holes, collection of surface water, cracks and ruts should be determined and set, and maintenance systems developed to undertake repair when these limits are exceeded. Windows: Open able windows, skylights and ventilators should be capable of being opened, closed or adjusted Safely and, when open, should not pose any undue risk to anyone. FATIGUE TESTING MACHINE: Fatigue testing machine test and determines the useful working life of a component which is subjected to repeated load. Fatigue testing machine applies pre-defined loads or alternating loads to the sample component and records fatigue life indicated by the number of cycles required to product failure. Health Safety Issue: Followings are the health and safety issues with fatigue testing machine; As Fatigue-testing machines produce heavy vibration so it requires a strong foundation. Safety guidelines provided by the metal fatigue-testing equipment manufacturers should be followed before starting a fatigue test. Proper controls and accessories should be installed for fatigue-testing machine to prevent accidents. Task Five: Maintenance Procedure for Landing Gear: Landing Gear is the most rugged part of an aircraft and should be maintain properly in order not have accidents. In order to increase the life span and minimising the accidents regularly inception should be made for inspecting the landing gear because of the force hitting the runway upon landing stresses the entire system no matter how gentle the landing is. Following is the procedure to maintain the landing gear; Place the aircraft on jacks in the approved manner as detailed in the manufacturers maintenance manual. Interconnect a manual pump (complete with a one gallon reservoir and a 3000 p.s.i. pressure gauge) into the system at the service tee fitting. This fitting is located downstream of the pump check valve. Deactivate the pump and motor by disconnecting the plug on the pressure switch. Disconnect the pressure relief valve and the thermal relief valve from the system and cap off the lines. Disconnect the accumulator from the system and cap off the line. Pressurise the system to 3000 p.s.i. When the pressure reaches 3000 p.s.i., the system must remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute without additional pumping. Reconnect the THERMAL relief valve and pressurise the system until the valve opens. The cracking pressure of the valve should be 2200 + or 50 p.s.i.* With the gear doors disconnected, select gear up and retract using the hand pump. Take the gear up slowly and check the flex lines for clearance and signs of chafing. When the gear reaches the up position, increase the pressure to 3000 p.s.i. The system must again remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute. Pull the 5 amp L/G control breaker, reconnect the pressure switch plug and reset the 5 amp breaker. Extend the gear with the normal system. Reconnect the pressure relief valve and pressurise the system until the valve opens. The cracking pressure for this valve is the same as the thermal relief valve, 2200 + or 50 p.s.i.* Disconnect manual pump from service tee and cap tee. Check emergency nitrogen bottle is charged to 1500 p.s.i. With gear in down position and system pressurised, open manual nitrogen valve in the cockpit and check for leaks between the valve and the actuators. Maximum leakage rate, 50 p.s.i. in ten minutes. Close the manual nitrogen valve and bleed off the pressure in the emergency system by loosening the line at the bleed valve in the nose wheel well. Prior to re-connecting the line, check that the bleed valve is open. Blow air gently into the bleed valve fitting and check the top of the valve for a flow of air. Charge the accumulator to 1250 p.s.i. Re-connect to the system. Recharge the emergency nitrogen bottle to 1500 p.s.i. http://www.business.com/images/divider.gif Tasks Yes No Jack is placed on right position Aircraft is put on jack according to maintenance manual Connect manual pump into the system at service tee fitting. Fill it to one gallon reservoir with 3000 psi. Pump De-activated Pressure relief valve and thermal valve dis-connected Accumulator dis-connected Pressurise till 3000 psi System remain at 50 psi for a minute Thermal relief valve re-connected and system pressurise until the valve opens Gear doors dis-connected Gear up selected Retract using the hand pump and check the flex lines for clearance and signs of chafing. On the gear reaches the up position, increase the pressure to 3000 p.s.i. The system must again remain within 50 p.s.i. of this pressure for one minute. System remained within 50 p.s.i. for one minute. 5 amp L/G control breaker pulled. Pressure switch plug reconnected and reset the 5 amp breaker reset Gear extended with the normal system. Pressure relief valve reconnected and pressurise the system until the valve opens Manual Pump dis-connected Emergence Bottle check Leakage check between the valve actuator Emergency system check Emergency Bottler recharge to 1500 psi.

World War Two Essay -- WWII World War 2 Essays

World War Two On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britain's effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There are many interesting aspects to the War of 1812, including the fact of why it even happened. Britain and the United States had more reasons to remain friends than to start a war. The intent of this essay is to examine American and British objectives during this war, and despite the Treaty of Ghent, conclude Canadians won the War of 1812. Britain, in their eagerness to starve out France, set up a series of blockades along the European coast.(2) These blockades sought to exclude neutral ships from trading with France and her Allies. The very powerful British Royal Navy would search American vessels, most times within sight of land. British deserters provided England with the excuse it needed to search American ships at sea. Desertions were commonplace in the Royal Navy, harsh treatment and punishments were a way of life to British seamen. In comparison, crews on American merchant vessels enjoyed much better treatment, lots of food, good pay and above all, limited punishment. Royal Navy boarding parties arbitrarily selected deserters who, for their crimes were whipped, strung up by the yardarm or keelhauled.(3) As a bonus, the British impressed, kidnapped would be a better word, the most fit and healthy among the American crews into the Royal Navy, and in most cases seized the cargo. Facing well armed British warships, American merchant ships were powerless to resist and were sometimes captured outright. This treatment of American people and vessels at sea would not go unnoticed by the newly formed colonies of the United States. In his speech to congress June 1,1812 President Madison anger at the British Royal Navy and their tactics on the open seas, was very apparent "Thousands of American citizens under the safeguard of public law and the national flag   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  have been torn from their country and everything dear to them... Against this crying enormity, which Great Brit... ...ton, Flames Across The Border, p.224-5 43.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.225 44.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.226 45.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.227 46.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanley, 1812 Land Operations, p.260 47.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.261 48.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.268 49.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berton, Flames Across The Border, p.40 50.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Way, "The Day of Chrysler's Farm,"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canadian Geographic Journal (June,1961) p.216 51.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berton, Flames Across The Border, p.283 52.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanley, 1812 Land Operations, p.340 53.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.377 54.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.338 55.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.381 56.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibid., p.393 57.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glen Frankfurter, Baneful Domination (Ontario, 1971) p.113-4 58.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morton, Military History. p.70 59.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berton, Flames Across The Border. p.405 60.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Gwyn, The 49th Paradox Canada in North America (Toronto, 1985) p.22 61.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frankfurter, Baneful Domination. p.113-4 62.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berton, Flames Across The Border. p.22-3 63  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.P. Stacey, "The War of 1812 In Canadian History."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ontario History (Summer 1958) p.154-5 64.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthur Campbell Turner, The Unique Partnership Britain and The United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (New York, 1971) p.33 65.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Craig Brown and S.F. Wise, Canada Views The United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Washington, 1967) p.42

Swot Analysis Rim

The following is the SWOT analysis for Blackberry Smartphone, a tool for auditing the organization and its’ environment and used to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the device, which provides a better understanding about its position in the marketplace, where it stands, and where it needs to move forward to see what its future predicaments will have for them. As you can see below, the growing/expansion market share of Blackberry is able to capture, its current strengths outweighs its weaknesses.In order for Blackberry’s opportunities to outweigh its threats they must make sure that their competitors do not excel in areas in which they are lacking and meet level of security. The main question we should ask ourselves is will Blackberry set the challenge in order to begin taking more market share for its competitors and produce products that will appeal to a broader target market by upgrading their interfaces and applications to the level that their security has. Blackberry has several strengths including high brand awareness because it is a very recognizable brand with consumers.The company is known to have a good reputation of value for money and convenience because their products costs are worth the value the consumer receives. Blackberry does have a strong market position in the mobile market in comparison to its competitors. Blackberry also has the advantage of having the best e-mail and/or diversity device combination-organizer, internet, mp3 player, GPS, and social networks built into their products. The company is also leading in Smartphone technology because they have strong product depth.Blackberry has durable products because they have high capacity battery, built-in QWERTY keyboard, stylish/powerful features, and unique operating system. Although Blackberry has its strengths, the company also has its weaknesses such as having its products used and/or created more toward business professionals than general con sumers; their lack of compatibility-not making decisions in a timely manner. There is also the possibility that Blackberry is in the mature phase. There also patent problems that they encounter.Their products lack in web service and also have a problem with application-long loading time and does not turn on/restart quickly which makes it frustrating for its consumers that like for their phones to be faster. Blackberry’s products also have lack of size and/or products because they don’t have as much variety as its competitors. Blackberry also lacks in social networking because it doesn’t provide any entertainment for other individuals and/or the younger generation, which is an entire consumer market that would be beneficial to Blackberry if they’re able to address this issue.There is also the problem of having a high cost of ownership which makes blackberry devices quite expensive. RIM has not created a new marketing strategy for its products that are clos ing the technological gap. Blackberry has the opportunity to expand its profits by further expanding into North America and into International markets and taking advantage of the availability of markets for new technology. The company can also consider entering into partnership with large growing corporations.Blackberry’s customer loyalty and their brand loyalty allows for an assurance in producing new products because they know that its consumers will loyal in purchasing those products as well. They need to take advantage of the industry explosive growth so that they can grow alongside the industry’s demand for it products. The company can increase their growth rate and their power within the industry by expanding their target market by creating new appealing phones that include a variety of features that will attract new customers other than the business professionals that it currently appeals to.Blackberry can also take an opportunity by reaching out to iTunes to tr y and create software that will be compatible to its products since that is something that a lot of consumers would really enjoy, and also by creating great products that include advanced technology. Blackberry faces some threats from the Apple iPhone, HTC, HP, Sony Ericsson, and Sony smart phones because they constantly have new products entering the market, they are strong within the industry, and this increasing competition may cause demand for products Blackberry’s products to decrease.These competitors also have a greater span in technology and products which may cause consumers to see Blackberry as outdated when it comes to Smartphone technology. The economy also plays a role in Blackberry because some consumers are unable to afford the company’s products and can therefore decrease its demand. They also face the problem of having a large demand for a niche product which may cause a lack of innovation when it comes to creating new products and having those product s become successful.Since Blackberry is a reputable brand it has become the target of competition and has created price wars with third parties that make similar phones to the Blackberry and then sell those products at lower prices. SWOT Analysis for Blackberry Positive Negative InternalStrengths ?High brand awareness ?Reputation for value for money and convenience ?Strong market position ?Best E-mail/ Diversity device combination-organizer, internet,mp3 player, GPS, and social networks ? Leading in Smartphone technology ?Strong product depth Durable ?High capacity battery ?Built-in QWERTY keyboard ?Stylish/Powerful features ?Unique operating systemWeakness ?Know to be used /created more toward business processionals than general consumers ? Lack of compatibility-not making decisions in a timely manner ? Web service and application-long loading time ?Lack of size/products ?Possibly in mature phase ?Patent ?Does not turn on/restart quickly ?Social networking- no entertainment for oth er individuals/younger generation ? High cost of ownership are quite expensive RIM has not created a new marketing strategy for its products that are closing the technological gap ExternalOpportunities ?Further expansion into North America & international markets ? Availability of markets for new technology ?Partnership with large growing corporations ?Customer loyalty- allows for a assurance in producing new products ? Industry explosive growth ?Brand loyalty ?Expand target market-new appealing phones with a variety of features that will attract new customers other than business professionals ? Still at growth rate/rising in power Software compatibility with iTunes ?Great product with advance technology Threats ?The Apple iPhone, HTC, HP, Sony Ericsson, and Sony smart phones ? New, strong, and increasing competition may cause demand for products to decrease ? Competitors have greater span in technology and products ? Possibly seen as outdated in Smartphone tech ?Economy environment ?Large demand for a niche product may cause lack of innovation ? Being a reputable brand makes blackberry the target of competition ? Price wars with third parties –make similar phones to the blackberry and sell at a lower price

Death of a Titan essays

Death of a Titan essays After years of construction and work, the Titanic was finally ready for her maiden voyage. The beginning of her voyage was to take place on the morning of April 10, of 1912 at approximately 10:00am. The firs of Titanic passengers began to board the ship. Most of these passengers were British residents who had journeyed to Titanic by means of transportation either that a boat train. The real precipitance came when the boat train arrived. People rich or poor were scattered all aver Southamptons bay, attempting to find their gangway. After the second and third class passengers boarded, the firs class passengers were to be escorted to their cabins. Approximately at 12:00pm Titanic was ready to set sail. After Titanic sets out into the open sea, her water displacement causes mooring ropes of the New York, which was a small ship, to brake. Which causes her stern to swing towards Titanic's mighty bow. Titanic officials quick actions prevent a catastrophic collision. After hours delayed the Titanic finally sets sail into the open sea headed towards Cherbourg, France. The Titanic lowered her anchor when arrived at Cherbourg, France, at about 5:30pm of the same day. More passengers boarded the Titanic. At approximately 8:10pm Titanic raised her anchor and sailed towards Queenstown, Ireland. She arrived at Queenstown at around 11:30am of the next morning to pick up more passengers and 1,385 bags of mail as well. Now Titanic once more raised anchor and by 1:30 she was on her way to New York. It was 11:30pm of the night of April 14, of 1912. As Titanic sped through the darkness towards its doom, the majority of the passengers and crew had not the slightest inkling idea that they were in danger at all. The last games of cards were breaking up. The last conversations were ending. Most passengers were already in bed, but the few who remained, were heading towards their cabins. Though the passengers settled, the office...

Senior Drivers essays

Senior Drivers essays Driving is a privilege as well as an independence that we all come to take for granted. We are given our licenses to operate motor vehicles based on the assumption, concluded from drivers tests, that we are physically and mentally capable of driving safely under the requirements of the law. That issuance of the license is not necessarily permanent or steadfast, if the driver does not maintain the requirements. Therefore, when a said driver is unable to locate familiar places, or they make slow or poor decisions, or drive at inappropriate speeds do we as tax payers and fellow drivers agree that it is still okay to allow senior citizens who fall into these categories to still be out on our roads? No, senior citizens should be submitted to an increased amount of testing to determine whether or not they are still in a suitable physical and mental state to drive safely. Its an issue that will impact us all one way or another, someday, and its a growing concern that must be addressed. There comes a time when its necessary to tell people you love their driving may be hazardous to them and to others. According to a report by the American Association for Retired Persons Policy Institute, older drivers are three times as likely to crash per mile driven as younger drivers. The report also states that among all drivers age 65 and older, its the oldest drivers who pose more risk to themselves and public safety, showing how ability to drive safely decreases with age. Technically, the National Highway Traffic Administration refers people over the age of 70 as seniors, but with the magnitude of baby boomers who will soon fall into the 70 and over age group the problems need to be addressed at a much earlier age. Every day it seems I come into contact with a senior driver who frustrates me. I adore the elderly, but its clear as seen through their driving, when it comes to the road; old age an...

Education Cultural Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Cultural Policy - Essay Example It is also endeavors to help the government understand the importance of contributing funds for commercial development (Adams and Goldbard ,1978). The current trends in global cultural policy now include two trends: 'Cultural democracy', which supposes that everyone participates in one or more cultures and 'Democratization of Culture' which believes that some people have 'real' culture and participate in cultural activities while others look at cultural activities as a hobby (Adams and Goldbard, 1987). The policy of cultural democracy advocates the development of an autonomous and cooperative individuals and a state which encourages participation in all sub-cultures. This kind of a policy helps artisans and cultural members by providing them support in dealing with local authorities finding adequate space and conceptualizing their ideas . This policy promotes participation, cooperation and self-confidence in a cultural community. (Adams and Goldbard, 1978) Changes in technology and global economy have forced the government to consider the implications of cultural industries and the revenue and employment and export earnings . The cultural sector also has an impact on the sociological factors of a community which helps in understanding the health of an individual or a community and is often known as a cultural capital (CAC ,2001). A culture's economic contribution is substantial . In the United States the cultural contribution has generated an income of 450 billion dollars in copyright revenues and contributes to 2.5 percent of the nations GDP. It is also the capital that holds communities together and helps them adapt to change (CAC, 2001). Today many of our and trading partners amongst developing and developed nations appoint high level officials to understand the implications of cultural issues and cultural implications of broader policy issues. The aim of a cultural policy is to embrace cultural pluralism which recognizes that the American society compromises a number of co-existing and equal sub cultures. The cultural policy must influence the international educational policy and student exchange programs to understand cultural diversity. Crucial points that should be covered in Cultural Policy According to Adams and Goldbard, The current culture policy is inadequate and they have made the following recommendations to be incorporated in the new policy. The new cultural policy should incorporate a relationship between commercial culture and the non-profit realm. They also state that a cultural policy should stimulate active participation in community life. (Adams and Goldbard ,1987). a. It is important that the cultural policy helps in resolving the chronic unemployment issue in USA, and concentrate on occupations that might lack commercial value but have social and cultural relevance. b. The federal government could set up federal theatres and provide employment to artists, technicians and writers throughout the nation. c. Provide employment to local artisans by giving them projects that are economically viable alternatives within the country. i.e. Local

Developing a Public Relations Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing a Public Relations Plan - Essay Example The American Red Cross is the US affiliate to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization does not have business profits as its motive of operation. On the other hand, the mission of American Red Cross is to help and save the people of the society by providing them shelter, food, education and basic amenities of life during the conditions of emergency. The purpose of the American Red Cross is to lend a helping hand as life support to the destitute and people affected because of disasters. The disasters may be natural as well as man-made. American Red Cross serves the noble cause of supporting the section of the society who are helpless and are in need of basic amenities for existence. Facts and rationale: the event that created negative publicity The American Red Cross elected its seventh CEO, Gail. J. McGovern amidst scandals involving their former CEO in 2007. Post-election of the seventh president, the American Red Cross lay off around one thousand employe es from its operational work force. The job cuts imposed by the senior management was brought about in order to restore a balance in the financial condition of the non-profit organization in a situation of crunch in the fund raising activities. The squeeze in the donation receipt in the denominations of the dollar as sources of funds for the organization led to the job cuts of around one thousand workers. ... The public relation between the organization and the society is extremely important for carrying out their welfare activities. Thus negative publicity due to this event laid to the public relations crisis. Goals of campaign: rationale behind choosing these goals The goals of the campaign are to reduce the caused damages due to the occurrence of public relations crisis. The specific goals include sustaining the public image of the organization that has developed over the years, maintain the confidence level of the public on the operations of the organization and also maintain a continuous flow of donations to the organization as a major source of fund for its operations. The reason behind choosing these goals is to maintain a healthy public relation with the society which is the key to effective operations of the organization. The organization provides relief, shelter, food, education and other basic amenities of life to the helpless people of the society and to the victims of disaste rs. These are funded majorly from the donations of the public. The organization conducts fund raising campaign in order to raise money from the people. Thus, healthy public relations are required to be maintained by the organization with the people of the society. In order to restrict the damage due to the situation of public relations crisis from the job cuts imposed, these goals have been chosen as a part of the damage control campaign. Steps to achieve the goals The steps to be taken in order to achieve the goals are to be designed in a calculated manner. A crisis communication plan needs to be set up by the organization. As a part of the crisis communication plan, the content of communication with the public needs to be prepared